Dr. Carlos F. Márquez Linares Dr. Enrique F. Quero Gervilla Doctoral Programme in Languages, Texts and Contexts Faculty of Translation and Interpreting university of granada

Calque and abbreviation of a source term: GARP investors: (Additional or Irrelevant Components) Инвесторы, которые вкладываются в компании средней капитализации c высокими темпами роста (IFC) (Investory, kotorye vkladivautsja v kompanii srednej

kapitalizacii i visokimi tempami rosta); L.t.: investors, who invest in the companies of a medium capitalization with high level of growth) – (Calque and the abbreviation of the source term) GARP-инвесторы (the use on the Internet: (Buzdalin et al, 2010)).

The use of other term creation methods instead of DT with Additional or Irrelevant Components proves that the field of Management Field gives prreference to concise, innovative and recognizable forms.

It especially concerns terms with figurative or dense meaning. For example, the term hostile action/forced abandonment factor/abandonment factor, which means “a factor applied to each category of self-sustainment rates and to the spares element (or half of the estimated maintenance rate) of the wet lease rate to compensate the troop/police contributor for loss and damage” (Glosbe), has the following equivalent in Russian with additional components: коэффициент учета враждебных действий или (вынужденного) оставления (имущества) (UNTERM) (koefficient uchjota vrazhdebnyh dejstvyj ili (vynuzhdennogo) ostavlenija (imushhestva); L.t.: a coefficient of accounting of hostile actions or (a forced) abandonment of (a property)). The elements “учёт” (uchet, account), “имущества” can be considered superfluous. In addition to this, a Calque form of the term exists in the dictionaries: фактор враждебного действия/ вынужденного оставления (UNTERM) (factor vrazhdebnogo dejstvija/vynuzhdennogo ostavlenija; L.t.: a factor of a hostile action/forced abandonment). The Calque method favors the recognizable form of the English term over the descriptive translation. Accordingly, Calque can be considered as the preferred translation for this term.

Some of the additional components do no provide any semantic or grammatical function. For this reason, some terms can be clipped, and limited to Pure DT or Calque and DT forms. For example, the term deadlocks resolution is offered in the glossary in the following form: (Additional or Irrelevant Components (figurative meaning)) механизм разрешения

«тупиковых» ситуаций (IFC) (mehanizm razreshenija “tupikovyh” situatzij; L.t.: the procedure of resolution of deadlock situations). The term component “механизм” (mehanizm; mechanism, procedure) makes the term more concrete; however, it does not disclose any essential meaning. Moreover, the term cannot be found in Ruscorpora, but it appears in the form of Calque and DT:

разрешение тупиковых ситуаций (Ruscorpora) (razreshenie tupikovyh situatzij; L.t. resolution of deadlock situations): “Договоренности, достигнутые в Москве, вызвали у иностранных инвесторов оптимизм, надежды на скорое разрешение тупиковой, как начинало казаться, ситуации” (Chernuha, 2002. Ruscorpora) (L.t.: a hope to reach a resolution of a deadlock, as it began to seem, situation).

The term window-dressing stands for: “a strategy used by mutual fund and portfolio managers near the year or quarter end to improve the appearance of the portfolio/fund performance before presenting it to clients or shareholders” (Investopedia). The figurativeness of this management term triggered a chain reaction of descriptive terms in Russian often employing Additional or Irrelevant Components:

• 
  (Additional or Irrelevant Components) приукрашивание истинного положения дел (IFC) (priukrashivanie istinnogo polozhenija del; L.t.: decorating the true state of facts);
  
• 
  (Additional or Irrelevant Components) умение показать товар лицом (Academic) (umenie pokazat´ tovar licom; L.t.: an ability to show the produce from their exterior side (face));
  
• 
  (Additional or Irrelevant Components) умение произвести благоприятное впечатление (не соответствующее действительности) (Lingvo Universal) (umenie proizvesti blagoprijatnoe vpechatlenie (ne sootvetstrvujushhee dejstvitel’nosti); L.t.: an ability to make a favorable impression (not corresponding to the reality)).
  

The previously mentioned terms resort to additional elements, which are not necessary for the disclosure of the meaning of a term. For example, the first equivalent can be found in Ruscorpora in a shorter form: (Pure DT (figurative meaning)) приукрашивание (реальной) ситуации (Ruscorpora) (priukrashivanie (real’noj) situacii; L.t.: decorating the real situation): “Анна пишет о том, что тушить пожары лесникам нечем, а также обвиняет главу МЧС в бездействии, лжи и приукрашивании реальной ситуации” (Belen'kaja, 2010. Ruscorpora). Accordingly, the term components “истинное положение дел” (istinnoje polozhenije del, L.t.: actual state of affairs) seems to be superfluous and can be substituted with shorter equivalents. Other forms of Additional or Irrelevant Components stated above resemble colloquial

definitions of a term and can be substituted by shorter equivalents offered in the dictionaries or Ruscorpora:

• 
  (Calque) «декорирование витрин» (IFC; Academic) (“dekorirovanie vitrin”; L.t.: “(shopping) window-decoration” (Calque);
  
• 
  (Additional or Irrelevant Components) умение показать товар лицом (Academic) (umenie pokazat´ tovar licom; L.t.: an ability to show the produce from their exterior side (face));
  
• 
  (Direct translation equivalent) вуалирование (с целью создать видимость высокой ликвидности) (Academic; Lingvo Universal) (Vualirovanie (s cel’ju sozdat’ vidimost’ vysokoj likvidnosti); L.t.: Fogging/veiling (with the aim to make the visibility of a high liquidity);
  
• 
  (Pure DT (another figurative meaning)) «причесывание» баланса (с целью создать видимость высокой ликвидности) (Lingvo Universal; Academic) (prichjosyvanie balansa (s cel’ju sozdat’ vidimost’vysokoj likvidnosti); L.t.: combing the balance (with the aim to make the visibility of a high liquidity);
  
• 
  (Pure DT (concrete term, another figurative meaning)) причёсывание бухгалтерии
  

(Ruscorpora) (prischjosyvanie buhgalterii; L.t.: combing the accountancy);

• 
  (Pure DT (figurative meaning)) подкрашивание баланса (с целью создать видимость высокой ликвидности) (Lingvo Universal) (podkrashyvanie balansa (s cel’ju sozdat’ vidimost’ vysokoj likvidnosti); L.t.: dyeing of the balance (with the aim to make the visibility of a high liquidity); (
  
• 
  Сalque) украшение витрин (Lingvo Universal); украшение витрины (для привлечения покупателей) (Academic) (ukrashenie vytrin/ ukrashenie vitriny (dlja privlechenija pokupatelej); L.t.: decoration of windows/ decoration of a window (in order to attract the buyers);
  
• 
  (Calque) оформление витрин (Academic) (Oformlenie vitrin; L.t.: design of windows);
  
• 
  (Direct Equivalent (general meaning)) приукрашивание (Academic) (priukrashivanie (comment); L.t.: embellishment);
  
• 
  (Direct Equivalent (general meaning) очковтирательство, приукрашивание, лакировка действительности, показуха (Academic) (Ochkovtiratel’stvo, priukrashivanie, lakirovka
  

dejtrvitel’nosti, pokazuha; L.t.: Eye-wash, embellishment, varnishing of the reality, outward show);

• 
  Direct Equivalent (general meaning)) Рекламный предмет, реклама (Academic) (Reklamnyj predmet, reklama; L.t.: an commercial object, a commercial/publicity).
  

The abundance of equivalents creates chaos in the use of the terms. In addition to this, many words belong to the category of professional jargon. The analysis of the term revealed that the Calque form декорирование витрин (IFC; Academic) (dekorirovanije vitrin”; L.t.: (shopping) window-decoration) quite often appears in the special texts: “декорирование витрин (window dressing) — внесение изменений в отчетность, что позволяет представлять финансовое состояние компании лучше, чем фактическое” (Efimova, 2010).

As demonstrated by the creation of the equivalent for the term window-dressing in Russian, the term can have different forms with Additional or Irrelevant Components. Accordingly, the term can have different synonyms, variations, clipped forms etc. The Additional or Irrelevant Components method often appears as an interim stage of term creation. Until the term becomes full-fledged, a lot of provisional term forms can appear. As many as 60 terms in this research were offered in the form of Additional or Irrelevant Components, some of them retained this form, and others were shaped into different forms. However, 42 other terms more were not created using DT with Additional or Irrelevant Components, and their preferred translation focuses on other term creation methods. Nevertheless, these terms have Additional or Irrelevant Components forms in the dictionaries or Ruscorpora.

The term risk tolerance illustrates the use of Additional or Irrelevant Components as an interim stage of term form creation. The term means “an investor's ability to handle declines in the value of his/her portfolio” (InvestorWords) and has the following equivalent in the glossary: (Calque and DT) уровень терпимости к риску (IFC) (гroven’ terpimosti k risku; L.t.: the level of tolerance/patience towards a risk). The Russian term is not practical and does not appear in Ruscorpora, while its slightly modified forms are represented in Ruscorpora documents:

• 
  (Additional or Irrelevant Components) устойчивость к (возможным) рискам (Ruscorpora) (ustojchivost´ k (vozmozhnym) riskam; L.t.: resistance towards (possible) risks);
  
• 
  (Additional or Irrelevant Components) степень устойчивости и защищённости от рисков (Ruscorpora) (stepen’ ustojchivosti i zashhischennosti ot riskov; L.t.: a degree of resistance against the risks);
  
• 
  (Additional or Irrelevant Components) допустимый уровень совокупного риска (Ruscorpora) (dopustimyj uroven’ sovokupnogo riska; L.t.: an acceptable level of a joint risk);
  
• 
  (Pure DT) допустимый уровень риска (Ruscorpora) (dopustimyj uroven’ riska; L.t.: an acceptable level of risk).
  

The term risk tolerance has an unusual form for Russian grammar, as a noun cannot stand in the attributive position to another noun without certain changes. However, the components “допустимый” (dopustimyj; acceptable), “уровень” (uroven’; level); “возможное” (vozmozhnoje, possible) and “степень” (stepen’, level) are not triggered by the source term form and do not contribute to the meaning of the term. The term can be used without these elements, which is proved by the following term forms retrieved using Calque: толерантность к рискам/риску (Lingvo Economics) (tolerantnost’ k riskam/risku; L.t.: tolerance towards risks/risk); терпимость к риску (Lingvo Economics) (terpimost’ k risku; L.t.: tolerance towards risk). Both terms can be found in Ruscorpora; however, the first one employs the term components previously borrowed using Direct Loan with assimilation (толерантность: tolerantnost’, L.t.: tolerance), which makes it specific, recognizable and related to the source term: “<…> Старшее поколение может быть максимально уязвимо к инвестиционным рискам, а младшее может недополучать инвестиционный доход при высокой толерантности к рискам», — говорится в документе” (Koshkarov, 2010. Ruscorpora) (L.t.: high tolerance towards risks).

The DT with Additional or Irrelevant Components method can be considered as necessary as an initial stage for term creation and its function. Nevertheless, the uncontrolled use of additional elements can result in ambiguous use of the term in different contexts.

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