90 · Gökçe
Yurdakul and Y. Michal Bodemann
class should be studied in detail to lay out the effect of class differences
between Turks and Jews on their interethnic relations. The last question
that needs further research is this: How typical and cross-nationally valid
is the relationship between Turks and Jews? In a way, it’s unique because
of the Jewish past in Germany. Jews and Turks are marked by a special
relationship in Germany, but other cases may multiply this immigrant/
minority relationship.
69
The main conclusion, however, is that immigrant groups interact
with other immigrants and historical minorities in the process of inte-
gration and take them as models. Therefore, in order to understand the
immigrant incorporation process, it is not sufficient to analyze only the
majority/minority relations. Rather, we need to look at how immigrants
perceive themselves and how they draw upon historical issues of the
receiving country, specifically with respect to historical minorities.
Notes
We would like to acknowledge that this article has been previously published
in
German Politics and Society 24 (2): 44–67. An earlier version was presented by
Gökçe Yurdakul at the workshop on “Incorporating Minorities in Europe: Nine-
teenth Century to the Present” at the Minda de Gunzburg Center for European
Studies, Harvard University, 16–17 April 2004; at the Princeton Institute for In-
ternational and Regional Studies Graduate Student Conference, Princeton Uni-
versity, 8–9 June 2005; Bridging the Worlds of Judaism and Islam Conference,
Bar-Ilan University, December 2005; and by Michal Bodemann at the German
Studies Association Conference, Milwaukee, October 2005, and as a Bucerius
Institute for Research of Contemporary German History and Society Guest Lec-
ture at the University of Haifa, December 2005. The authors would like to thank
the participants of the workshop, lecture, and conferences for their feedback,
and Valerie Amiraux, Christian Joppke, Riva Kastoryano and Anna Korteweg
for their helpful comments on an earlier version of this article.
1. By using the term
leaders in immigrant associations, we would like to re-
fer to the executive committee members of Turkish immigrant associations in
Germany. These leaders are usually the secretary general, spokespeople, and
presidents of immigrant associations. We differentiate between members of im-
migrant associations and their leaders. The leaders’ perspectives do not always
reflect those of the members. In other words, members of immigrant associa-
tions do not always share the views of immigrant leaders who associate Turkish
existence in Germany with German Jewish history.
2. Riva Kastoryano,
Negotiating Identities: States and Immigrants in France and
Germany (Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 2002), 131.
Jews and Turks in Germany after 9/11 · 91
3. Of course, the impact of the Holocaust in Germany can not be compared to
any fire bombings. However, we believe that the leaders of the Turkish associa-
tions in Germany make this comparison to point out the similarities between
racism and anti-Semitism.
4. Homi K. Bhabha, ed.,
Nation and Narration (London:
Routledge, 1990).
5. Sujit Choudhry, “National Minorities and Ethnic Immigrants: Liberalism’s
Political Sociology,”
Journal of Political Philosophy 10, no. 1 (2002): 55. We use the
word
minority for the sake of brevity here. Minority should be read as any group
that does not fit the ideal of a homogeneous national collectivity and that has
been involuntarily incorporated into the state, such as Jews, Kurds, and Arab
Israelis.
6. Ibid., 60–61.
7. Thomas Pogge goes one step further and raises the question of immi-
grants’ children who are assumed to give consent to assimilate, because their
grandparents have immigrated and waived their rights to construct a culturally
distinct group. Thomas W. Pogge, “Accommodation Rights for Hispanics in the
United States,” in
Language Rights and Political Theory, ed. W. Kymlicka and A.
Patten (New York:
Oxford University Press, 2003), 105–22.
8. Will Kymlicka,
Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1995); Choudhry, “National Minorities
and Ethnic Immigrants.”
9. Charles Taylor,
Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition (Princ-
eton: Princeton University Press, 1994).
10. Choudhry, “National Minorities and Ethnic Immigrants.”
11. Although immigrant associations are significant for our understanding of
the emergence of immigrants as political actors in the receiving state, there are
only a few case studies that focus on this theme. See Adriana Kemp et al., “Con-
testing the Limits of Political Participation: Latinos and Black African Workers
in Israel,”
Ethnic and Racial Studies 23, no. 1 (2000): 94–119; Luin Goldring, “The
Gender and Geography of Citizenship in Mexico-U.S. Transnational Spaces,”
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: