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Dogs: The U.S. Raids on Libya (Dover, N.H.: Pluto Press, 1986), and Brian L. Da-
vis, Qaddafi, Terrorism, and the Origins of the U.S. Attack on Libya (New York:
Praeger, 1990), 133–81.
18. International Herald Tribune, 16 April 1993, interviewed by Judith Miller.
19. JANA, 31 May 1993, Daily Report. For further analysis of the pilgrims af-
fair, see Yehudit Ronen, “al-Jamahiriyya al-῾Arabiyya al-Libiyya al-Sha῾biyya
al-Ishtiraqiyya al-῾Uzma,” Middle East Contemporary Survey 1993 17 (1995):
549–52.
20. Israel’s deputy foreign minister, Yossi Beilin, quoted by Israel Defence
Forces Radio, 31 May 1993, and Israel TV, 31 May 1993.
21. Al-Fajr al-Jadid, 12 February 1995, and Tripoli TV, 21 April 1995, Daily
Report.
22. For more details on the Hebron attack, see Filastin al-Thawra, 6 March
1994. For Qadhafi’s praise of the Hamas attack, see al-Zahf al-Akhdar, Tripoli, 21
October 1994.
326 · Yehudit Ronen
23. JANA, 18, 25 February 1995 and 7 March 1995, Daily Report.
24. Tripoli TV, 20 November 1995, and JANA, 30 November 1995, Daily Re-
port. For a discussion of the normalization process between Israel and the geo-
graphically peripheral Arab states in the mid-1990s, see David Makovsky, “The
Arab-Israeli Peace Process,” Middle East Contemporary Survey 1995 19 (1997):
50–53.
25. For details, see M. K. Deeb, “Militant Islam and Its Critics: The Case
of Libya,” in J. Ruedy, ed., Islamism and Secularism in North Africa (New York:
St. Martin’s Press, 1994), 187–97, and Yehudit Ronen, “Qadhafi and Militant
Islamism: Unprecedented Conflict,” Middle Eastern Studies 38, no. 4 (October
2002): 1–16.
26. Tripoli TV, 24 January 2001, BBC, quoting Qadhafi’s lecture to political
science students at the Fath University in Tripoli.
27. Quoted in al-Quds al-῾Arabi, 4 March 2002. For the Saudi peace initiative,
see Joseph Kostiner, “Coping with Regional Challenges: A Case Study of Crown
Prince Abdullah’s Peace Initiative,” in Saudi Arabia in the Balance, ed. Paul Aarts
and Gerd Nonneman (London: Hurst, 2005), 352–71.
28. Algiers TV, 23 March 2005, BBC.
29. Yehudit Ronen, “Libya’s Qadhafi and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict,”
85. Qadhafi reiterated the “one state” theme on many occasions, including an
exclusive interview with Newsweek–Washington Post’s Lally Weymouth, 12 Janu-
ary 2003.
30. Qadhafi’s “White Book” published on the website http://www.algathafi.
org/medialeast/medialeast-en.htm, 12 January 2006.
31. E.g., Mahmoud Ahmadi-Nejad quoted in the New York Times, 29 October
2005.
32. Qadhafi in television interviews on al-Jazira TV, 1 January 2006 and
Tripoli TV, 5 January 2006, http://www.memri.org/bin/opener_latest.
cgi?ID=SD106806.
33. Al-Quds al-῾Arabi, 28 January 2005.
34. Al-Ahram al-῾Arabi, Cairo, 24 January 2004.
35. For a broader discussion of Arab perceptions of the Holocaust, see Meir
Litvak and Esther Webman, “Perceptions of the Holocaust in Palestinian Public
Discourse,” Israeli Studies 8, no. 3 (2003): 123–40; Meir Litvak and Esther Web-
man, “The Representation of the Holocaust in the Arab World,” Journal of Israeli
History 23, no. 1 (Spring 2004): 100–115.
36. See Iranian president Ahmadi-Nejad’s argument on the myth of the Hol-
ocaust as “an excuse used by the Europeans to create a Jewish state in the heart
of the Islamic world,” as well as the “myth” position stated, though later de-
nied, by Mahdi ῾Akef, the spiritual guide of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt.
See Associated Press from Tehran, quoted in the New York Times, 15 December
2005, and Mideastwire.com, 26 December 2005, referring to ῾Akef’s interview
in al-Hayat, 24 December 2005.
Zionism and Judeo-Islamic Relations in the Middle East: Libya’s Position · 327
37. ῾Abd al-Bari ῾Atwan, the chief editor of al-Quds al-῾Arabi, in an inter-
view with al-Jazira TV, 2 November 2005, MEMRI TV Project, clip no. 999, 7
November 2005. This Holocaust denial drew further strength from Western
Holocaust deniers, most noteworthy among whom are Roger Garaudy, David
Bardash, and David Irving. An Iranian political analyst who unequivocally re-
jected the Holocaust even claimed that as written in “the Bible Book of Esther,”
the “woman was incited into killing around 170,000 Iranians” in what is known
today as the city of Susa. This number constituted “23–24 centuries ago the
entire population of the country,” and therefore the Jews were those who had
committed genocide against others. See Majid Goudarzi, MEMRI TV Project,
clip no. 1005, 23 January 2006.
38. Al-Ahram Weekly, 26 May–1 June 2005, a statement released during the
World Economic Forum meeting at the Dead Sea shore in Jordan.
39. Al-῾Arabiyya TV, 28 August 2005, quoting Saif al-Islam’s interview by
the Lebanese Broadcasting Cooperation (LBC) TV, 22 August 2005, MEMRI TV
Project, clip no. 827, 30 August 2005.
40. See Simon Henderson and Soner Cagaptay, “Engaging Israel: The Sig-
nificance of the Istanbul Meeting between Israel and Pakistan,” Peacewatch, no.
513, 2 September 2005, the Washington Institute’s Special Reports on the Arab-
Israeli Peace Process; C. Jacob, “Debate on the Arab and Muslim World over
Normalization with Israel,” 27 November 2005, http://memri.org/bin/arti-
cles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=ia&ID=IA25505; and an interview with Pervez
Musharaf in the Washington Post, 29 January 2006.
41. E.g., Al-Sharq al-Awsat, 21 September 2005, and al-Hayat, 24 September
2005.
42. Al-Mustaqbal, Paris, 17 August 2005.
43. See, e.g., ArabicNews.com, 3 April 2005; Jerusalem Post, 2 June 2005, and
al-Hayat, 8 January 2004, 24 September 2005.
44. See http://www.akhban-libya.com, 21 November 2005, quoting Saif
al-Islam. However, this message is not typical of him and was not an official
quotation.
45. Ksenia Svetlova, “Libya Backs Away from Qadhafi Jr.,” Jerusalem Post, 2
June 2005, a report from Tripoli.
46. Ghanem in a statement at a seminar in Vienna on oil, ArabicNews.com,
17 September 2004.
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