178 ·
Rachel Simon
they lived rather than attain a prestigious victory, because this might not
have solved the problem and might have even resulted in arousing anger
and desire for revenge.
17
In order to improve their security far from the reach of the central
government, the Jews of the Tripolitanian hinterland developed a wide
network of relations and pacts with tribal chiefs who protected the Jews
who lived among them in return to a symbolic state of slavery. This sys-
tem remained in force even following the formal abolition of slavery in
the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century.
18
The Italian authorities took care of the security of the population in
the areas under their control. This excluded areas of variable size in
Libya that were under Muslim rebel control during the first two decades
of Italian rule. Rebel-controlled areas were only sparsely inhabited by
Jews. The Jews usually felt themselves safe in Libya, except those living
in rebellious regions or in war zones during World War II.
19
During the
1920s Jews in Amrus and Zawiyah on the Tripolitanian coast used to keep
frightening, violent dogs in order to protect themselves from Muslim at-
tacks. In addition, since the police during the Italian period continued to
be manned mainly by local Muslims, it did not always act vigorously to
suppress quarrels in which Jews were harmed by Muslims or Italian Fas-
cist civilians and soldiers. But these events were rare. In general, the se-
curity of the Jews was good during the Italian period. Even during World
War II there were not many attacks on Jews and their property, and when
this happened—except for harm resulting from the racial legislation—it
was caused mainly by Italians and Germans. The Muslims did not take
advantage of the serious deterioration of the status of the Jews result-
ing from the racial legislation in order to harm them. There were even
instances when Muslims tried to rescue Jewish acquaintances from work
and concentration camps and ease the life of the inmates. Muslims also
helped Jews who escaped from coastal towns, which were bombarded by
British airplanes.
20
Widespread violent attacks by Muslims against Jews took place in
Libya only since the BMA period. These outbreaks occurred mainly in
and around Tripoli, though some happened also in Benghazi. They were
characterized by a combination of socioeconomic pressures and a grow-
ing nationalist zeal. Arab political exiles, who returned to Tripolitania
following the British occupation, started forming political organizations
with the help of the Red Fezes while taking advantage of the severe
Jewish-Muslim Relations in Libya · 179
economic condition. They tried to deepen their hold among the masses
and draw them to nationalist, Pan-Arab, and anti-Zionist ideology, re-
sulting at times in anti-Jewish attacks.
The first major anti-Jewish riots erupted in Tripoli and its surround-
ings, from Misurata in the east to Zawiyah in the west, on 4 Novem-
ber 1945. This happened during a period of severe economic hardships
coupled with growing nationalist, Pan-Arab, and anti-Zionist incite-
ment.
21
For four days, Arab masses rioted in the streets with no hin-
drance, robbed, burned, and destroyed Jewish homes and businesses,
and harmed many Jews. In many instances the religious affiliation of the
victims was checked, and houses were marked accordingly. Most of the
Arab police did not even try to restrain the masses, and the traditional
Muslim leadership did not condemn the riots when they occurred. In
Kusabat (eastern Tripolitania) many Jews converted to Islam in order to
escape the massacre. Only the delayed intervention of the British army
put an end to the violence.
The riots claimed the lives of 130 Jews. In addition, hundreds of Jews
were injured, some 4,000 became homeless, and property that valued
300 million Military Administration Liras (MAL) was lost. Inhabitants of
mixed towns and neighborhoods were harmed the most: Jews living in
the old quarter of Tripoli managed to block the entrance to the neighbor-
hood, which was almost exclusively Jewish, and its inhabitants were not
harmed. Thus, moving out from exclusive Jewish neighborhoods to mod-
ern and religiously mixed ones, which was considered a sign of progress
and
fraternity, became a source of disaster.
Following these events, some 600 Arabs were detained, but less than
half of them stood trial. Charges were brought against 289, 85 were ac-
quitted, 2 received death sentences, the rest were sentenced for 15 years or
less, and 6 received suspended sentences. Four Jews were also convicted
for disorderly behavior and sentenced to three to four years in prison.
British authorities and the traditional leaders of both Jews and Muslims
established a Peace Committee headed by the head of the Jewish com-
munity and the chief Muslim judge of Tripoli. The committee, together
with the local press, called for tranquility. The traditional leaders of the
Muslims and the Jews alike were eager to cooperate as they felt their
own position being threatened by the nationalists on both sides who re-
belled against the authority of the “old guard” and attracted the masses,
especially the youth. The British authorities, too, were denouncing the
180 · Rachel Simon
activities of the Arab nationalists and forbade overt Zionist activity in
Jewish clubs.
Serious riots erupted again on June 12 and 13, 1948, in Tripoli, four
weeks after the establishment of the state of Israel.
22
The atmosphere in
Tripoli was charged due to an economic crisis and political agitation as
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