The Moroccan Nationalist Movement and Its Attitude toward Jews and Zionism · 161
struggle for independence and unity within Morocco, and the struggle
over Palestine, the “Land of Israel”—Jews versus Arabs, Zionists versus
Palestinians.
1
The advocates, leaders, and activists of the Moroccan Nationalist
Movement, as well as the people of the Istiqlal and members of the vari-
ous other parties and factions of the movement, were very involved in
the question of the political and social status of Moroccan Jewry. So, too,
was the monarchy. Sultan Muḥammad Ben-Yussuf, who became King
Muḥammad V in 1957, and the people of the
makhzan, the sultan’s senior
clerks, discussed this issue on various occasions. From the time of the
Arab conquest of the Maghrib until the twentieth century, the Jews lived
under
dhimmi status, which means under the protection of the Muslim
rule.
2
The changes that Morocco was undergoing in the twentieth cen-
tury, generated by the end of the French Protectorate and the beginning
of Morocco’s renewed independence, led to changes in the status of the
Jews—changes that threatened both the old order and local traditions.
3
The Arab-Israeli conflict and the struggle over Palestine, which was
important to Jews as well as Nationalists, greatly complicated the situ-
ation. In this matter Moroccan Nationalists had an almost unified po-
sition, which was consolidated at the very outset of the struggle: they
supported the Palestinian Arabs, both morally and in practice. This sup-
port derived from their religious identification and their attachment to
Holy Jerusalem (al-Quds) and El-Aqsa, and their identification with any
and every Arab struggle for independence, wherever it existed. Arabs in
general, and Moroccans in particular, were inclined to equate the Jewish
and Zionist identities, especially following the establishment of the state
of Israel. The Moroccan Nationalists now viewed the Jewish community
in Morocco as an enemy-related factor, a perception that led to tensions
between Muslims and Jews in Morocco and created yet another change
in the traditional social and political composition in the country.
4
In order to understand these transformations, I will examine three
components more closely:
a. the status of the Jewish communities and the upheavals they un-
derwent in the second
half of the twentieth century;
b. the influence of the Zionists and the establishment of the state of
Israel on the relationship between the Muslims and the Jews of
Morocco;
162 · Dalit Atrakchi
c. the reactions of the Nationalists, the Istiqlal, and its leader,
῾
Allal al-Fassi, as the exemplification of attitudes toward the Jew-
ish community and toward ῾
aliya, Jewish emigration to Israel.
The most significant changes in the lives of Morocco’s Jews occurred with
the implementation of the French protectorate in 1912, which affected the
attitudes and the status of the Jews, mainly of those living in the cities.
Their integration into the new educational institutions, which champi-
oned European characteristics, also affected their status and allowed for
entry into the French administration systems as well. At the beginning of
the French protectorate, Jews cultivated hopes of a change in their legal
and social status. They were prepared to accept the many facets of French
cultural influence and believed that in this way they were serving their
own needs and interests as well.
5
Most researchers have assumed that the Muslims perceived foreign
colonization as a national calamity. Most Jews living in Muslim countries
did not share this view. Although the French policy of “divide and rule,”
common throughout the territories they colonized, was instituted in Mo-
rocco as well, and despite the fact that they made use of the Jews in order
to establish their rule there, the latter were never fully integrated into
French society and always remained outsiders. Moreover, as the Jews
made efforts to get closer to the French, the Protectorate instigated con-
siderable agitation in the Jewish-Muslim relationship. In the first years
of the Protectorate, most Jews were in a conflicted predicament: while
restrictions formerly imposed on them were canceled and the traditional
discrimination toward them as
dhimmis was eased, they continued to be
treated as protected subjects of the sultan. They were thus unable to take
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