2.2 Industrial robot programming techniques
programs executed on the robot (see Figure 2.2), they cause a significant loss in production
time especially if the task is complicated (Hesse & Malisa 2010, P. 74). This is attributed
to the fact that programming takes place in a production cell on the factory floor and hence
contributes to production downtime (Haegele et al. 2008, P. 977). According to (DIN
EN ISO 8373 1996, section 5.2.3) the two major on-line programming techniques are
programming by Teach-In and Lead-through methods.
Teach-in
Programming
Lead-through
Intuitive HMI
1:
MOVE INSTRUCTION
2: MOVE INSTRUCTION
.
.
.
.
N: INSTRUCTION
Deployment
Figure 2.2: On-line programming process
2.2.1.1 Teach-in
This method is based on an ergonomically designed teach-pendant which allows the user
to precisely control the robot’s movement whilst being in its vicinity (Hesse & Malisa
2010, P. 74). Such pendants usually contain programming specific features such as buttons
for saving and editing the program, a joystick
1
for easy manipulation of the robot or even
a 3D Mouse
2
. Additionally, process specific features such as emergency stop and safety
indicators are usually included (Kreuzer et al. 1994, P. 247)(Holzbock 1996, P. 344). In
addition to programming those pendants serve as the human machine interface (HMI) with
the robot. Hence they are coupled to the robot controller from the respective manufacturer
(Deisenroth & Krishnan 1999, P. 341). The teach-in process commences by moving the
robot in a reduced speed mode
3
along the desired path while constantly checking whether
the points on the path correspond to the actual process. The programmer is allowed
to move the robot in either tool center point (TCP) coordinates or joint coordinates i.e.
separately moving each motor, during which key-points are saved in the program. Finally,
the user can add branching and logic instructions to the movement instructions and test
the program to check whether it corresponds to the desired functionality (Holzbock 1996,
1
e.g. FlexPendant from ABB Group
2
e.g. KR CX Teach Pendants from KUKA Robot Group
3
In most commercial robots the speed during teach mode is automatically reduced
11
2 Literature Review
4. Environmental factors, such as temperature can a
ffect the robot’s operation in the
most unpredictable ways.
To overcome the latter factors, researchers have been investigating methods and techniques
to simplify calibration (Sunnanbo 2003, P. 17). Moreover, some research works advocated
using real world data to update o
ff-line simulation (Denkena et al. 2004)(Brecher et al.
2010). Robot manufacturers have also been concentrating on the accuracy of o
ff-line
programming which has been dramatically enhanced (Hesse & Malisa 2010, P. 199). In
spite of all the latter e
fforts, off-line programming and its subsequent factory floor adapta-
tion still represents a major monetary and technical hindrance against the proliferation of
robots in many production facilities, specifically in SME (Schraft & Meyer 2006)(Pires
2008a).
Adaptation & Calibration
Deployment
Programming
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