Dissertation: a work Piece bases Approach for Programming Cooperating Industrial Robots



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Table 8.2: Four runs of the autonomous assembly experiment with di
erent initial positions
122


8.2 Experimental validation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Figure 8.6: The states during an autonomous assembly process
123


8 Assessment
8.3 Qualitative assessment
A single method to technically assess the proposed programming approach would be mis-
leading given its interdisciplinary scope. Hence, it is beneficial to consider the assessment
in light of application-specific criteria. The discussion here will be based on the basic
criteria outlined in Eigner & Stelzer (2004) and in for assessing computer aided methods
(CAx) in manufacturing systems; namely timequalityreuse
/expandability synergy and
additionally acceptance as i (Rashidy 2008). These will be correspondingly extended to
incorporate other aspects pertaining to this specific approach and its technical nature. The
criteria will be clustered in the following groups:
• Production-specific criteria: flexibility, reliability and quality
• Programming-specific criteria: time, user interaction and acceptance
• Robot-specific criteria: maintenance, reuse/expandability and compatibility
Figure 8.7 summarizes the latter criteria in a graphical form. The conventional approach is
illustrated as the standard form, while each criteria for the proposed approach is illustrated
above or under this form, denoting an improvement or degradation of the corresponding
criteria respectively.
Flexibility
The WPBA increases the operation’s flexibility in two ways. The first is
the enhanced capability of the system to be easily reconfigured and repro-
grammed, thereby quickly adopting to changes dictated by the product. The
second utilizes sensor-based operation to react to disturbances appearing
during execution. Consequently, the latter aspects compound together to
increase the bandwidth of possible applications and their corresponding
tasks.
Reliability
Sensor-based operation introduces uncertainty in the process, which might
very well lead to work-cell downtime and hence decrease reliability. This
could be partially attributed to the sensors themselves. Additionally the
interaction of sensors and control algorithms to produce positional o
ffsets
results in unpredictable performance if the output is not bounded in advance
which necessitates rigorous testing before deployment. Furthermore, external
communication and non-standard interfaces could result in errors aversely
a
ffecting the overall system reliability.
Quality
Any tightly coupled CIR task has two conflicting aspects; trajectory accuracy
and stress loading. In reality these aspects reflect the force
/position dilemma
discussed in section 2.6.1 along with the quality of the process
/task. Con-
trolling the stress loading on the robots and the work-piece entails a
ffecting
the trajectory. Whether this adversely a
ffects the accuracy or not depends on
the process requirements and correspondingly its quality analyzed in section
124


8.3 Qualitative assessment
4.2. However, the approach facilitates control of both simultaneously or
separately and hence increases the likelihood of success w.r.t. given process
requirements.
Time
As mentioned in section 2.2.1, on-line programming contributes to decreased
downtime of the system given the non-productive state of the system while
programming. The WPBA facilitates o
ff-line programming with on-line
adaptation, hence the need for a real work-cell is diminished. This is directly
translated into less downtime if the programming and testing takes place
on an active production line. An additional advantage thereof is the ability
to train personal or experiment with di
fferent scenarios without actually
needing a real work-cell.
Flexibility
Reliability
Quality
Time
User Interaction
Acceptance
Maintenance
Reuse/
Expandability
Compatibility
Conventional
approach
Proposed
approach
Production-
specific
Programming-
specific
Robot-
specific

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