Dictionary of islamic architecture

See also:
Albania, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Bursa,
Byzantine architecture, Cairo, Cyprus, Edirne,
Greece, Iraq, Istanbul, Iznik, Jordan, Lebanon,
Palestine, Sinan, Syria, Turkey
Further reading:
O.Aslanapa, 
Turkish Art and Architecture,
London 1971.
Y.Bingöl, 
Der Ishak Pascha Palast in Dogubayazit am Berg
Ararat,
Berlin 1982.
M.Cezar, 
Typical Commercial Buildings of the Ottoman
Classical Period and the Ottoman Construction System,
Istanbul 1983.
A.Gabriel, 
Les Monuments turcs d’anatolie,
2 vols., Paris
1931–4.
—— 
Châteaux turcs du Bosphore,
Paris 1943.
—— 
Une Capitale turque, Brousse,
Paris 1958.
G.Goodwin, 
A History of Ottoman Architecture,
London
1971.
—— 
Ottoman Turkey,
London 1977.
A.Kuran, 
The Mosque in Early Ottoman Architecture,
Chicago 1968.
J.M.Rogers and R.M.Ward, 
Suleyman the Magnificent,
London 1988.
I.Utkular, 
Çanakkale Bogazinda Fatih Keleleri,
Istanbul 1954.
Oualata (also known as Walata,
Iwalatan and Birou)
Important trading city in south-west Mauritania.
The collapse of the empire of Ghana in 1224 led
refugees from Awdaghast to found a new city in the
small village of Birou. The new city was called
Oualata and contained immigrants from several
ethnic groups including Berbers, Islamized Soninke
and Massufa nomads. The Berbers were the reli-
gious leaders as well as the merchants whilst the
Soninke provided craftsmen and the Massufa
nomads acted as caravan leaders and guides. The
rise of the empire of Mali and the subsequent shift
of political power to the south strengthened the
position of Oualata as a regional centre and as a
terminus for trans-Saharan caravans. The main