6.5 Listening Strategies
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and orientation response are common gut reactions to sounds, discussed in more
detail later under the heading of
physiological responses
. But this category also
includes low-level experiences of sound, which can evoke primitive feelings. Cer-
tain fast attack characteristics and suggestions of high energy transfer can cause
immediate sensations of fear and vigilance. Many of these are probably evolved
faculties from surviving in hostile environments with predators. Some, possibly
hardwired for all animals, include universally relevant features for all living
things, danger (high energy transfer, disorder, and predators), food (familiar
sounds of prey associated with eating), mates (responses to calls of the opposite
sex), and safety (sounds of the parent, group, etc.).
Connotative
Connotative response involves activation of our lower-level schemas that attend
to features of a sound during the preconscious and preverbal identification,
matching, and recognition stages. These responses are partial matches to learned
features which may not have names or be directly understood by the listener.
The resonance of a growl tells us the physics of a beast’s anatomy and helps us
identify a threatening or harmlessly small animal hidden in the forest. Those
spectral features are part of an evolved connotative faculty we have for iden-
tifying size from the sound of animals. These are abstract preidentification
features that tell us something about a sound source without us needing to
know exactly what it is. In a city there are many more unusual and unexpected
sounds like foreign conversations and new beeps and alarms which we recognise
connotatively without knowing more.
Causal
During causal processing we deconstruct a sound into identifiable objects and
a sequence of energy paths that explain the sound as a causal set of actions
or flows. A recording of dinner plates sliding then bouncing and smashing con-
structs a vivid sound scene in which we can hear the individual events and link
them together into an understandable whole. Much of Bregman’s (1990) scene
analysis deals with features that indicate causality such as shared timeframes,
spectra, and microstructural detail.
Empathetic
Empathetic processing connects sounds to schemas about some other entity’s
state of mind or being. It is the extent to which we personify sounds and attach
ourselves to them. The sounds of a crying baby, a loved one’s voice, or an angry
shouting mob give us feelings about the identity and intention of the source
and guide our expectations.
Functional
A boat whistle, car horn, or ringtone are functional, as is somebody shout-
ing the word “Stop!” They denote a specific purpose and are strongly identified
with an object that informs, warns, marks, or orients us or the source by sound.
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