Directionality and location
If you listen to a recording of a helicopter approaching from a distance, pass-
ing overhead, and into the distance again, there are three distinct phases. To
begin with, there is a certain chopping sound from the blade edge with not
much engine sound at all. The rotor throws out waves of compressions that
are strongest closer to the plane of rotation, so in the distance where the angle
534
Helicopter
between the rotation plane and the observer is small it is heard loudly. Another
angle 30
◦
below the rotation plane is where the blade slap sounds loudest, so
for a passing helicopter this part reaches a sudden peak. Below the plane of
rotation, immediately below the aircraft, we do not hear the chopping sound
but a steady downwash. The engine sound is carried by this and sounds quite
loud and continuous. Behind the aircraft the tail rotor and exhaust are heard
more clearly.
θ
θ
Direct sound
Reflected sound
Engine and exhaust
swept backwards
Plane of blade rotation
Small angle
Large angle
Figure 48.3
Position-dependent factors.
In addition to the change in blade angle there is a constantly changing
difference between the path of the direct and reflected sounds leading to a
phasing/flanging effect. You may also notice that on a calm day the volume
of a distant helicopter seems to get louder and quieter as if there was a wind
carrying the sound. If the vehicle passes to the side at a distance of several
hundred meters the chopping can wax and wane depending on the position.
This is due to directionality of compressions that radiate out like spokes of a
wheel, leading to loud and quiet spots.
Model
Our initial model will include a wave signature for a simple rotor. Having stud-
ied fans and propellers, it’s easy enough to construct a modulation of filtered
noise that gives the right kind of effect. This first component corresponds to
the edge effect, which is only half the story; so to improve on this a second
signature will be added corresponding to vortex collision and aerodynamic lift
signatures, which can be phase shifted relative to each other. Next we construct
a tail rotor and an engine with exhaust and gearbox noise, and then use the
rotor signature to modulate this too. Finally, the addition of fuselage resonance
and movement effects will complete a realistic model. Values will be chosen for
a generic medium-sized vehicle, leaving the option to scale components wher-
ever possible. For the main rotor harmonics we try several predictive models
and combine these with experimental data. Qualitatively speaking the blade
behaves like a springy rule, but it is stressed along its length. One model is of
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