Analysis 397 Distance (x) Time (s) Velocity (m/s) Time (s) D w D m Figure 32.2 Velocity and displacement of a mover sticking and slipping.
to decrease with increasing velocity. The movement also creates heat, which
affects the surface properties. This effect on rubber is known by racing drivers
and is why cars drive a warm up lap to soften the tyres and increase their
friction. Because the surface is random on a microscopic scale we cannot pre-
dict the exact instant of slip (otherwise earthquake prediction would not be so
hard), but on a statistical level the macro-behaviour can be so predictable as to
sound perfectly periodic. Periodicity is increased where the stick-slip interface
belongs to a mass coupled to a resonant system like the spring. The resonant
system will trend to produce regular peaks in the force and cause slip to happen
in sympathy with its resonant frequency, as happens in a bowed string.
Model A squeaky door hinge is a two-part coupling where friction causes a series of
stick-slip impulses, and the door, which may be of many materials or sizes, acts
as an amplifier for these pulses. On its own the stick-slip model only shows
us the velocity of the mover. It doesn’t tell us how this might sound other
than the frequency of stick-slip movements is proportional to the applied force.
Any sounds produced are going to depend on excitations of both parts, mover,
and base. In a squeaky door the base is one part of the hinge. The hinge
is a small metal plate coupled to a much larger wooden or metal sounding
board. The mover is the other half of the hinge that rotates over the lower part
with the weight of the door acting as the normal force. In a creaking floorboard
the mover and base may be two wooden boards pressed against one another,
where the mover is the board that’s trodden on and the base is an adjacent
board that it rubs against. Each burst of movement may itself consist of noisy
excitations, but in creaking objects they are generally short and can be treated
as single impulses. If we apply an impulsive pattern appropriate for stick-slip
friction to a material model of the base and mover, we should get a reasonable
approximation of creaking sounds.