10
Physical Sound
for a force
F
in Newtons and an area
A
in meters squared. At sea level on
Earth there is always an ambient pressure of 101325Pa, called one standard
atmosphere, so we usually measure any acoustic pressure relative to this quies-
cent background rather than dealing in absolute pressures. We don’t take into
account any direction the pressure acts in, so it is a scalar quantity, acting in
all directions.
Work
Because energy can move we may harness and channel it to do
work
, which we
give the symbol
W
. Work is a change of energy, also measured in Joules. So,
another definition of energy is the ability to do work. It can cause things to get
hotter, or move things, or emit light and radio waves. One way it can move is
as sound, so sound can be thought of as changing energy. We use the symbol
∆ to denote a change, and we can express work as a change of energy with the
following formula.
W
= ∆
E
(3.2)
Systems
In physics we talk about conservation of energy (as well as momentum and
angular momentum). We always do so in the context of a closed system, isolated
from the rest of the universe. But no such systems exist. In reality everything
is connected, even in space where nothing can evade the reach of gravity and
electromagnetic forces. Sound must be considered in this context, as part of an
interconnected system. Here on Earth, objects rest on top of one another, or are
surrounded by air or other fluids. These connections serve to transmit energy
from one thing to another. Sounds can be explained as the flow of energy in
a system, beginning with a source and ending at the furthest reaches of the
system where sound energy eventually becomes heat. Somewhere within this
system our ears, or a microphone, may observe the changing energy patterns.
Power
Power, measured in watts (W), is the rate at which work is done. One watt is
the same as one Joule per second (1J
/
s), or how much energy changes state
each second. When making a sound we are converting one kind of energy to
another at a certain rate; in a trumpet or violin the force of air or the movement
of a bow are converted to radiated sound energy. In an electronic amplifier with
loudspeakers sound is produced from electrical energy. A perfect 100W ampli-
fier and loudspeaker converts 100J of electrical energy to sound every second.
Energy Sources
So where does energy come from to make sound? Muscles in the chest of the
trumpet player? The food that the violinist ate for breakfast? Most of the
energy we experience on Earth comes from the Sun, and a tiny proportion
comes from fission of matter within the planet (a hot liquid of heavy elements
like iron, silicon, and uranium which undergoes a slow nuclear reaction at the
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