Designing Sound



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Andy Farnell, Designing Sound (2010)

462
Thunder
Distance/time
N-Wave
Parabolic
Sinusoidal
Superposition of lightning N-waves over time and distance
Change of wave shape with distance
500m
2km
20km
Figure 40.3
Waveform produced by N-wave superposition at a distance.
effects of diffracted sound as a filtering effect, like a swept band pass that picks
out a range of frequencies in time order.
Refraction
This is a bending of the sound path by changes in air density between the
strike and the observer. In a thunderstorm there are often areas of high- or
low-temperature air and areas of wet or dry air in close proximity. The general
effect is to curve the path of sound upwards so that in certain situations you
are not able to hear the direct strike of the lightning at all, only reflections.
Net Effects
Environmental factors are summarised in figure 40.4. All these physical pro-
cesses lead to a complex net effect at the observation point, so the sound of
thunder depends not only on the shape and energy of the lightning, but very
much on the surroundings, weather, and observer’s location.
Model
Let us list some of the sonic effects of the physical processes described above.

Impulsive strike made of N-waves arriving at observer’s location.

Decaying energy profile of multistrike flashes.

Reverberant aftershocks from buildings, trees, mountains.

Deep bass tail of refracted low frequencies.

Comb filter due to constructive and destructive interference.


DSP Implementation
463
Scattering
Diffusion
Distant echos
Reverberation

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