Data collection template and questionnaire

Regional differences in salaries

	Production Industry				Production Industry, Trade, Financial and insurance services
	Hourly wage 2002 (€)^692	Monthly wage 2002 (€)^693			Monthly wage 2001 (€)^694
		All	Male	Female	All	Male	Female
Germany	14,56	2.396	2.484	1.837	3.110	3.492	2.455
Baden-Württemberg	15,60	2.544	2.667	1.949	3.258	3.670	2.521
Bayern	14,72	2.387	2.486	1.849	3.219	3.620	2.498
Berlin	14,66	2.388	2.455	2.018	-	-	-
Brandenburg	11,05	1.888	1.929	1.619	2.383	2.747	2.046
Bremen	16,77	2.677	2.737	1.986	3.298	3.683	2.498
Hamburg	16,74	2.728	2.783	2.080	3.290	3.661	2.719
Hessen	15,13	2.471	2.551	1.920	3.270	3.591	2.689
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern	10,72	1.843	1.894	1.448	2.318	2.647	2.018
Niedersachsen	15,31	2.477	2.546	1.938	2.946	3.300	2.294
Nordrhein-Westfalen	15,04	2.490	2.560	1.878	3.176	3.522	2.529
Rheinland-Pfalz	15,00	2.465	2.537	1.853	3.016	3.379	2.399
Saarland	15,73	2.601	2.672	1.943	2.873	3.252	2.197
Sachsen	10,46	1.797	1.881	1.423	2.414	2.770	2.053
Sachsen-Anhalt	10,81	1.874	1.918	1.529	2.369	2.698	2.041
Schleswig-Holstein	14,36	2.368	2.461	1.820	2.888	3.271	2.289
Thüringen	10,30	1.776	1.864	1.471	2.359	2.657	1.993

Literature

Blancke, Susanne / Schmid, Josef (2000): Die Bundesländer in der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik, WIP Occasional Paper Nr. 12, Tübingen,

Bundesregierung (2003): Die Maßnahmen der Agenda 2010 im Überblick, http://www.bundesregierung.de/basisattribute,-482917/Die-Massnahmen-der-Agenda-2010.htm

Bundesregierung (2002): Moderne Dienstleistungen am Arbeitsmarkt - die 13 Module des Hartz-Konzepts, http://www.bundesregierung.de/

emagazine_entw,-431462/Moderne-Dienstleistungen-am-Ar.htm.

Council of the EU (2002) Council Recommendation of 18 February 2002 on the implementation of Member States’ employment policies, Official Journal L60, 24.1.2001, pp. 70-80.

Council of the EU/European Commission (2003): Joint Employment Report 2002, Brussels.

Federal Republic of Germany (2002): National Employment Action Plan 2002, Berlin.

Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (2003a): Solbes fordert Deutschen mehr Reformen ab, 22. May 2003, p. 11.

Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (2003b): Deutliche Worte der Forschungsinstitute zur Wortschaftspolitik der Regierung, 15. April 2003, p. 15.

Focus Magazin (2003): Reformen, immer feste druff, 12. May 2003, pp. 020-025.

Schmitthenner, Horst (Hg.) (2002): Bewertung der Vorschläge von Peter Hartz, IG Metall Vorstands-Mitteilungen http://www.arbeitnehmerkammer.

de/sozialpolitik/doku/1_politik/ba_hartz_RS29_2002_igm_sopo.pdf, 01.07.2002.

Thiel, Elke (2002): National Report for Germany, GOVECOR project, http://www.govecor.org/data/20020910182059_German_Report2.pdf.


7 Technology policies
Describe the main national technology and innovation policies and explain whether, and if so how, they are applied at regional level.
The national technology policy has been going through a change of general approach in recent years. ‘Huge technology’ research (nuclear research, aerospace research, etc.) no longer build the focus of activities, but the support for research and development networks and clusters and different new areas such as biotechnology, renewable energies, micro technologies, etc. This change was promoted by the Federal level in order to support the regional development of research activities throughout Germany.

“The German Government is increasingly relying on promotional approaches to stimulate regional competence centres in pioneering areas of technology. It will put the existing and successful regional promotional measures in the new federal states on a steady basis, to enable scientific and technical crystallisation points to evolve there with a high commercial potential and a strong influence outside their region.”⁶⁹⁵

Federal budget for the overall national policy area (mio €):⁶⁹⁶

	2001	2002 (planned)	2003 (planned)
Research and development policy	10.667	11.025	11.573

Moreover, the German technology policy is characterised by a strong decentralised approach, which includes parallel funding of R+D activities by the Federal and the Länder level and indicates a weaker regional impact of the central state than in other EU member states.

Technology policy related tasks in Germany⁶⁹⁷

State level	Tasks
Regional level	Support of interaction and know-how transfer between economy and science Decline of administrative burden for setting up research sites Support of an innovation-friendly climate and information of the public on new technologies
National level	Guarantee of a high level of education (in cooperation with the Länder) Support of a quick and efficient patent rolls Provide for good conditions for the development of private venture capital markets Increase the adaptability of labour markets to structural changes caused by innovation activities Shortening of licensing procedures for new goods Tax relief for employees’ participation

Research and technology policies principally fall within the competences of the Länder. Nevertheless, according to art 91b GG and given the relevance of these policy areas for the development of the entire Republic the Federal level and the Länder have the opportunity to cooperate on a voluntary base and to commonly finance policies at their discretion.⁶⁹⁸ Since 1975 the Federal level and the Länder set up a framework plan for joint support measures under this article. The main body for the establishment of this framework is the Bund-Länder Commission for Educational Planning and Research Promotion (Bund-Länder-Kommission für Bildungsplanung und Forschungsförderung – BLK). The framework plans set up expenditure targets for the different areas and institutions. The plans are subdivided into two relevant budget headings with a clear focus on the later area:

• 
  planning of education measures
  
• 
  scientific research of supra regional relevance
  

Regarding these joint measures the co-financing level is not fix and can be adapted from measure to measure; e.g. co-financing for the Max-Planck institutes and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft is 50% - 50%, while other measures vary. Moreover the Federal level offers funding for different research centres and institutes (the so called blue list / Blaue Liste). The measures and instruments are implemented by regional/Länder authorities.
For a recent benchmark year (2000, 2001 or 2002), provide information on the scale and regional distribution of spending on these policies.

The Eastern Länder (incl. East Berlin) received about 1.3 billion € (18 %) of technology and research funding by the Federal level in Germany in 2000.This represents a slight decrease by 0.7 % from 1999. Among the Eastern Länder, Saxony (5.4%) received the largest share in 2000, followed by Brandenburg (3.3%), Saxony-Anhalt (2.1%), Thuringia (1.8%) and Mecklenburg – Western Pomerania (1.7%). Among the West Länder, North Rhine-Westphalia (17.3%) and Bavaria (17.1%) got the highest level of Federal funding, followed by Baden-Württemberg (15.9%) and West-Berlin (10%).⁶⁹⁹

	Actual Federal R&D expenditure by Land / performance of R&D^700
	1997		1998		1999		2000
	mio €	%	mio €	%	mio €	%	mio €	%
Baden Württemberg	1 144.4	15.5	1 288.5	17.5	1 181.5	16.3	1 185.4	15.9
Bavaria	1 570.3	21.3	1 345.8	18.3	1 287.7	17.7	1 269.2	17.1
Berlin	721.4	9.8	706.6	9.6	716.3	9.9	738.8	9.9
Brandenburg	243.0	3.3	249.2	3.4	246.7	3.4	245.3	3.3
Bremen	157.8	2.1	179.0	2.4	198.1	2.7	202.3	2.7
Hamburg	314.4	4.3	295.7	4.0	312.3	4.3	324.0	4.4
Hesse	376.8	5.1	349.6	4.8	361.4	5.0	383.9	5.2
Mecklenburg Western Pomerania	99.4	1.3	126.4	1.7	127.3	1.8	126.8	1.7
Lower Saxony	514.6	7.0	539.8	7.3	543.1	7.5	613.4	8.2
North Rhine Westphalia	1 237.0	16.8	1 250.2	17.0	1 236.6	17.0	1 285.3	17.3
Rhineland Palatinate	115.7	1.6	122.1	1.7	118.7	1.6	127.7	1.7
Saarland	38.4	0.5	48.8	0.7	36.4	0.5	41.0	0.6
Saxony	360.0	4.9	352.4	4.8	394.4	5.4	398.0	5.4
Saxony Anhalt	150.0	2.0	151.4	2.1	156.9	2.2	158.9	2.1
Schleswig Holstein	206.9	2.8	219.0	3.0	211.2	2.9	202.2	2.7
Thuringia	124.5	1.7	134.9	1.8	138.0	1.9	136.3	1.8