Data collection template and questionnaire

Bayern (Bavaria)

NUTS 1: DE2 Bayern

NUTS 2: DE21 Oberbayern DE22 Niederbayern DE23 Oberpfalz DE24 Oberfranken DE25 Mittelfranken DE26 Niederfranken DE27 Schwaben

GDP per capita (2000)

DE2 Bayern⁵²: 28.933 € (average of old Länder incl. Berlin: 26.426 € and excl. Berlin: 26.637 €)⁵³

DE21 Oberbayern⁵⁴: 35.745 €

DE22 Niederbayern⁵⁵: 22.521 €

DE23 Oberpfalz⁵⁶: 24.973 €

DE24 Oberfranken⁵⁷: 23.990 €

DE25 Mittelfranken⁵⁸: 29.251 €

DE26 Niederfranken⁵⁹: 24.013 €

DE27 Schwaben⁶⁰: 24.905 €

Germany⁶¹: 24.700 €

EU-15= 100, DE2 = 124,0, DE21 = 154,4, DE22 = 97,3, DE23 = 107,8, DE24 =103,6, DE25 = 126,3, DE26 = 103,7, DE27 = 107,6 ⁶²

GDP at current prices/in Million €

DE2 Bayern⁶³ (mio €): 352.620

Germany⁶⁴ (mio €): 2.030.000

EU-15⁶⁵ (mio €): 8.524.371
Employment rate (2000)⁶⁶

6.229.300 (74,8%⁶⁷) (German average = 68,8%)

DE21 Oberbayern 2.243.100⁶⁸

DE22 Niederbayern 556.700⁶⁹

DE23 Oberpfalz 532.000⁷⁰

DE24 Oberfranken 547.000⁷¹

DE25 Mittelfranken 879.000⁷²

DE26 Niederfranken 641.800⁷³

DE27 Schwaben 840.9000⁷⁴
Unemployment rate (2002)⁷⁵

(March 2002)

DE2 Bayern 7,3 % (German average: 9,8%; West 7,9%, East: 18,0%)

DE21 Oberbayern 5,7 %

DE22 Niederbayern 8,4 %

DE23 Oberpfalz 8,4 %

DE24 Oberfranken 10,3 %

DE25 Mittelfranken 8,4 %

DE26 Niederfranken 7,3 %

DE27 Schwaben 6,5 %

Technological standing (5 point scale): 4

Strengths⁷⁶ [short description]

Covering an area of 70.548 km², Bayern is the largest of the German states. In respect of its population (12.230.000 in 2002), it takes second rank right after Nordrhein-Westfalen. In 2001 it produced 17,3% of the German GDP (after allowing for inflation).

Bayern is the state with the largest agricultural sector in Germany. At the same time, it is also one of the strongest economic growth centres in Europe as far as the high-tech and services-oriented business is concerned. It has an excellent reputation in practically all new technologies, information and communications, biotechnology and genetic engineering, energy and environmental technology International companies such as Siemens, BMW, Audi, EADS, adidas-salomon and MAN can be found. In 2001 Bayerns high-tech companies earn 53.6%of their sales outside Germany (manufacturing sector: 41.5%; Germany’s comparative figures as a whole: 51.9% and 37.0 % respectively). The economy is highly export oriented. Bayern has the largest share of self-employed persons in Germany (11,7% in 2002). It has a large share of small and medium-sized companies and businesses of the skilled trades and a dynamic service industry, (number one in the insurance sector in Germany, number two in banking). The trading sector makes up some 10%of the real total gross value added. Furthermore it has a well-developed transport, telecommunications and energy infrastructures Bayern has a high standard of education and vocational training and an broad funding of research and technology (2.9% of GDP in 2001). 11 universities, 17 polytechnical colleges, 3 major research facilities, 11 Max-Planck institutes and 7 Fraunhofer installations are located here. Special areas for the extension of the university landscape are the areas information technology, electronic engineering, and natural sciences. Especially the number of students in natural sciences is far above the national average. The state of Bayern has the lowest unemployment rates in Germany. Its newspaper landscape is characterised by a magnitude of newspapers and journals. About 90 newspaper publishing houses (e.g. Burda, Süddeutscher Verlag, Bertelsmann) produce 27 newspapers. Furthermore, the country is very advanced in view of its movie, tv and radio productions with an enormous density of tv channels. 27.6 % of all applications received by Germany ’s Office of Patents and Trademarks were submitted by Bavaria-based inventors (number 1 in Germany). Moreover, tourism is a strong economic area, which make the state first German holiday destination.

In 1999 the state held rank 7 in investment per employee in the processing industry.⁷⁷

Weaknesses [short description]⁷⁸: Lower degree of investments in the producing industry

Evolution in last decade [short description]

Employment has been growing (1992: 6.042.600, 2002: 6.280.200) and the same holds true for the GDP/per capita (1992: 23.435 €, 2002:29.858 €).⁷⁹

Development from a predominantly agricultural economy towards a place for high-tech industry and a centre of the new economy since the 1960ies. Parallel to the extension of the infrastructure and energy network. The increase of the self-employed persons’ rate was a major political aim over the past decade. Bayern’s economic policy is not that much characterised by the ‘night watch role’ of the state. The state should thus create more framework conditions instead of concrete targets. By the privatisation of public properties, the state has create room for financial manoeuvre and for investment in e.g. education and research.

The fight against unemployment is supported by the tripartite ‘employment pact Bavaria’ (‘Beschäftigungspakt Bayern’) of 1996 (state budget of 2 Mrd. DM).

NUTS 2 Level:⁸⁰
DE21 Oberbayern (Upper Bavaria)

The region has the 6. highest GDP in Europe ranking next to the regions Île de France, Lombardy, and Darmstadt and Duesseldorf. Upper Bavaria’s GDP per capita comes up to 180 % of the EU average.

The economic structure is dominated by the service sector. About 65% of the employees work in the service sector. Munich is the central economic area and the 2. largest employment area in Germany and one of Germany’s leading high-tech and media location. Munich is a insurance and finance centre and Germany’s media capital. About 100 000 students are registered in Munich based universities and colleges.

The region is Central Europe’s gateway to Italy and to the south-eastern European countries and has an important motorway network connection. Munich airport is one of the 10 largest in Europe. A second-largest airport in Germany it contributes to Bavaria's industry and economy. Munich is also one of Germany’s most significant exhibition and fair locations. The economic structure of the region benefits from modern services, the communications and industrial society and international companies, innovative medium-sized and small business companies and skilled craft trades. Major industrial sectors are mechanical and automotive engineering, chemical industry, electrical and precision engineering, optics and the food industry. Moreover, tourism is a strong economic branch. The region generates 42% of Bavaria‘s GDP.

Companies: BMW, Siemens, Allianz or Muenchner Rueck (insurance business). Audi, Wacker-Chemie.
DE22 Niederbayern (Lower Bavaria)

The economic structure provides widely diversified industry sectors and is characterised by the mechanical engineering, metal product manufacturing, food industry, automobile manufacturing industry and its many automobile supplier companies. The region has a lower wage level compared the highly urbanized regions. The development from an agricultural to an industrial and high-tech location is particularly visible. For a very long time it dominated by agriculture alone; now 36 % of the workforce are employed in the manufacturing industry and 57 % in the service sector. Moreover it has a huge substantial tourism sector.

The city of Straubing has set up a Center of Excellence for Biotechnology for the renewable materials industry. The University of Passau established an international Center for Information Systems and Software Technology as well as a campus for IT services. The Technical College of Landshut developed into a Center for Microsytems Technology and Light Industry Technology. Thus, the region is attractive for research and development work. Moreover, many national call center organizations have settled here. The transportation infrastructure is well developed. The motorways ensure a fast connection to the industrial areas of Munich and Nuremberg/Frankfurt with connecting harbours in Kelheim, Straubing, Deggendorf and Passau and provide a gateway and easy access to Eastern Europe.

Companies: BMW (25,000 employees), bus company Neoplan , Knaus Wohnwagenwerke (recreational vehicle company), ZF Passau GmbH, Vogt Elektronik AG, Communigate and the Association for Communication Services (GKS - Gesellschaft für Kommunikationsservice), Völkl (sporting good manufacturer), Rodenstock (eyeglasses), Eterna.
DE23 Oberpfalz (Upper Palatinate)

In the north of Upper Palatinate, there is a centre of the glass and porcelain industry. Once being a centre of mining, primary industry and the iron and steel producing industry the centre has undergone structural changes resulting in a location for I&T (ranked 3rd in Germany) and a modern mix of products (steam rollers, x-ray machines, automobiles, machinery, electrical devices, highly-precise plastic parts, large-scale bridge construction, medical devices, innovative wood construction, steel and metal construction, mobile-phone towers, building machinery, specialized machinery, office furniture, software, chemical products). It is also an important centre for trade with huge shopping centres. Moreover, tourism is a significant economic area. Traffic routes are well developed (e.g. ‘golden road’ from Paris to Prague). The Main-Danube Channel connects the Black Sea with the North Sea.

DE24 Oberfranken (Upper Franconia)

Upper Franconia is the 3 most concentrated industrial areas in Europe. Its economic structure is characterised by an innovative trade sector, fast-growing modern service and logistics companies, globally operating medium-sized companies (automotive supplier industry, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, furniture and toy industries, textile and porcelain industries plus the plastics and food industry). As Europe's number 3 industrial region, it has 4 universities and the largest number of breweries in the world.

With its motorway network Upper Franconia is a central heart for major trans-European routes. The major cities have airports.

Conditions for research and development are very good. Universities are located in Bamberg and Bayreuth, technical colleges in Coburg and Hof. Also the virtual university of Bavaria is ‘located’ here. Moreover, research institutions, such as the Advanced Materials Center of Excellence in Bayreuth complete the educational landscape.Companies: ABM Greiffenberger, Scherdel GmbH, Robert Bosch GmbH, Brose Auto Parts, BI-LOG AG, GHP Holding GmbH, Rosenthal AG, HUK (insurance company), BAUR Versand, Siemens AG Medical Solutions, Loewe AG.

DE25 Mittelfranken (Middle Franconia)

The regions is among Germany's top ten economic regions. It is characterised by energy and electrical engineering / electronics industries (top position nationwide), mechanical engineering industry. Areas like information and communications, transportation and automation technology, medical technology, the chemical/plastics industries, printing, sports articles or food and beverages become increasingly important. Over the past decades many innovative service companies, providers of financial services, software, tax and business consultancy services or market research benefit, call centres and facility management have developed.

Per capita purchasing power is 10 % above the average in Germany. The region of Nuremberg has "a leading role among the German technology regions" (Financial Times Germany). The economic structure is characterised by a mix of industry and services, trade and transport. The region has an above-average export share of 41 %in 2001 (national average 37 %). The Nuremberg Trade Fair influences this economic dynamism with more than 100 events pre year (among the TOP 15 European locations for trade fairs and exhibitions). The Nuremberg region is good accessible. Its international airport connects Nuremberg to the rest of Europe. Middle Franconia has five technological areas of excellence in the areas of transportation and logistics, communications and multimedia, medicine and pharmaceuticals, energy and the environment as well as new materials. Thus, regional networks have emerged, in which companies, research establishments, universities and users exchange know-how and work on joint projects. Middle Franconia is a central area for university education. The region has 6 universities and 8 polytechnics and user centres of micro-electronics, laser, automation, new materials, energy and environmental technology.

Companies: DATEV, Dorfner, GfK, Karstadt Quelle Group, Nürnberger Versicherungsgruppe, Rödl & Partner, Sellbytel, Nürnberger Presse publishing company, adidas-Salomon, AEG Hausgeräte, Alcatel SEL, Bosch, Diehl, Framatome, Geobra Brandstätter, INA Schaeffler-Gruppe, Leoni, Lucent Technologies, MAN Nutzfahrzeuge, maul+Co Chr. Belser, N-Ergie, Schlott Sebaldus, Schöller, Schwan-Stabilo, Staedtler , Siemens.
DE26 Niederfranken (Lower Franconia)

Also Lower Franconia is a high-tech region. It ranks sixth among the leading high-tech regions of Europe (EUROSTAT) and offers the full spectrum of location facilities ranging from in-cubators and industrial parks to developed industrial areas. The region is dominated by a SME structure and automotive component suppliers, mechanical engineering, paper and chemical fiber plants characterise the economic structure. At Würzburg the incubator and innovation centre "Biomed", to ZMK (center for modern communications technologies), and to the high-tech and incubation centre TGZ are located. The ZENTEC technology (start-up and cooperation centre) has been set up in Aschaffenburg-Grosswallstadt and the Rhön-Saale-Gründer- und Innovationszentrum (RSG) is in Bad Kissingen. In Schweinfurt the GRIBS start-up, innovation and consultation centre and the Main valley centre of excellence (Chancencenter Maintal) are located, while in Karlstadt the Main-Spessart service network for start-ups. The federal motorways provide access to cities throughout Germany. The Frankfurt-Rhein-Main airport and the Nuremberg airport are both easily accessible. Moreover, the Main river connects the regions to the restof the world. The region has three polytechnical institutions at the Julius-Maximilans University, in Würzburg-Schweinfurt and Aschaffenburg and a huge number of research institutes and centres of competence.

Companies: ASE - Angewandte Solarenergie GmbH in Alzenau, Takata-Petri AG in Aschaffenburg, Reis GmbH & Co Maschinenfabrik in Obernburg, Koenig & Bauer AG in Würzburg, Bosch Rexroth AG in Lohr am Main, F.S. Fehrer Automotive Systems GmbH in Kitzingen, FAG Kugelfischer Georg Schäfer AG in Schweinfurt, Unipor Machinery&Technology Systems in Hassfurt, Preh Werke GmbH & Co KG in Bad Neustadt an der Saale, and TEMCO Textilmaschinenkomponenten GmbH in Hammelburg.
DE27 Schwaben (Swabia) no data available
Further indicators:

Public revenue and spending (€)

DE2 Bayern⁸¹

	2001
Revenue	33 537.000
Spending	33.227.000

Employment per sector⁸²

DE2 Bayern

Agriculture: 2000: 33.100 2001: 32.300

Industry (without building and construction trade): 2000: 1.436.700 2001: 1.449.500

Building and construction trade: 2000: 318.700 2001: 302.000

Trade, tourism, transportation: 2000: 1.009.000 2001: 1.028.000

Public and private services^83: 2000: 1.567.600 2001: 1.617.200

Industrial Structure

Branches of industry (processing industry)⁸⁴

Branch	Employment figures
	2000	2001	2002
Building and construction trade	174.157	163.572	151.542
Energy industry	29.079	30.467	30.250
Processing industry, mining, working of stone and earth	1.207.000	1.219.000	1.186.000

Research base

Employment in education, higher education and research⁸⁵

2001/02

173.601

Public expenditure on science and research in 2000⁸⁶

10,49 Mrd. €

Students at universities⁸⁷

1980	152.857
1990	257.453
1999	210.774

Support infrastructure

DE2 Bayern

Infrastructure (categories of streets)⁸⁸

Road network	41.707 km
Motorway	2.283 km

Vehicles⁸⁹

2002

8.865.295

Doctors and dentists (2000)⁹⁰

Doctors	47.265
Dentists	9.789

Designation for principal domestic policy support instruments (5 point scale): 2,5

Territorial Policy	2,8
Public sector transfer	0 (negative)
Employment policy	2,8
Technology policy	4,4

Bayern⁹¹

BY	Fiscal resources before SHES (in Mio. DM)	Divergence from national average (balance measurement) (= 100)	Contribution / assignment within SHES (in Mio. DM)	Fiscal resources after SHES (in Mio. DM)	Divergence from national average (balance measurement) (= 100)	Supplementary federal grants (in Mio. DM)						Fiscal resources after SHES and Gap-filling grants	Divergence from national average (balance measurement) (= 100)
						Gap-filling grants	Compensations for special political costs	Compensations for special burdens (east Germany)	Transitional grants (west Germany)	Rehabilitational grants Bremen and Saarland	SFH total
1995	52.432	107.7	-2.532	49.901	102.5	0	0	0	0	0	0	49.901	102.5
1996	53.786	108.6	-2.862	50.925	102.8	0	0	0	0	0	0	50.925	102.8
1997	53.936	109.4	-3.102	50.834	103.1	0	0	0	0	0	0	50.834	103.1
1998	56.368	108.6	-2.907	53.461	103.0	0	0	0	0	0	0	53.461	103.0
1999*	59.699	109.1	-3.188	56.511	103.3	0	0	0	0	0	0	56.511	103.3
2000*	62.219	110.4	-3.749	58.470	103.7	0	0	0	0	0	0	58.470	103.7
2001	59.946	112.3	-4.495	55.451	104.1	0	0	0	0	0	0	55.451	104.1

*) preliminary

Impact on ex-ante divergence from national average of support from EU funds (7 point scale): 3,3

		2000-2006 (mio €)
				ERDF		ESF		EAGGF
		Total	EU contribution	EU contribution	%	EU contribution	%	EU contribution	%
Objective 2	Bavaria	2200.882	536.638	475.804	88.66%	60.834	11.34%	-	-

Impact on ex-ante divergence from national average of domestic policies (7 point scale): 3,7

Change in standing of region relative to national average in last five and ten years⁹²

	1991	1996	2001
GDP/capita (€)	22.178	25.402	29.379
Population	11.526.400	12.015.800	12.280.400
Employment (persons)	5.976.600	5.925.600	6.295.200
Unemployment (persons)	214.780	401.991	332.417
Unemployment rate	4,4	7,9	6,0

	1995	1997	1999
R+D expenditure (mio €)^93	8.240	8.527	9.629

Estimated effect on regional circumstances of different domestic policies:

	Strongly positive	Slightly positive	Neutral	Slightly negative	Strongly negative
Territorial Policy			X
Public sector transfer				X
Employment policy			X
Technology policy	X