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  frequency-shifting theorem



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Electric Circuit Analysis by K. S. Suresh Kumar

13.7.2 
frequency-shifting theorem
If 
v 
(
t
) 

f 
(
t
) 
u 
(
t
) has a Laplace transform 
V 
(
s
), then, 
v
d 
(
t
) 

v t e
s t
o
( )
has a Laplace 
transform 
V s
V s s
d
o
( )
(
).
=

This theorem follows from the defining equation 
for Laplace transforms.
V s
v t e dt
v t e e dt
v t e
d
d
st
s t
st
s s t
o
o
( )
( )
( )
( )
(
)
=
=
==




− −






0
0
0
∫∫
=

dt V s s
o
(
)
13.7.3 
time-differentiation theorem
If 
v 
(
t
) 

f 
(
t
) 
u 
(
t
) has a Laplace transform 
V 
(
s
), then, 
v
d 
(
t
) 

dv t
dt
( )
has a Laplace transform 
V s
sV s
v
d
( )
( )
( ).
=


0
Note that 
dv t
dt
df t
dt
u t
( )
( )
( ).

×
V s
dv t
dt
e dt
d v t e
dt
sv t e
dv t
dt
e
d
st
st
st
s
( )
( )
[ ( )
]
( )
( )
=
= −
+







0
tt
st
st
st
d
st
dv t
dt
e
d v t e
dt
sv t e
V s
dv t
dt
e

=
+

=





( )
[ ( )
]
( )
( )
( )
0










=
+
=
+



dt s
v t e dt
d v t e
dt
dt
sV s
v t e
st
st
st
( )
[ ( )
]
( )
( )
0
0
0


The function 
v t e
st
( )
-
will be a decaying function for any value of 
s
in the ROC of 
V
(
s
). Otherwise, 
the Laplace transform will not converge for that value of 
s
. Therefore, it will go to zero as 
t


.

=


V s
sV s
v
d
( )
( )
( )
0
Now, by using mathematical induction, we may show that,
Laplace transform of 
d v t
dt
s V s
sv
dv t
dt
2
2
2
0
0
( )
( )
( )
( )
(
)
=




Fig. 13.7-2 
Output response and its 
components in the circuit 
in Example: 13.7-1 
5
2
4
–5
10
(V)
v
S
(
t
)
v
(
t
)
(
s
)
Time


13.22
Analysis of Dynamic Circuits by Laplace Transforms
and that, in general, Laplace transform of 
d v t
dt
s V s
s
v
s
dv t
dt
d
v t
dt
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
(
)
=










1
2
0
1
0
11
0
(
)

13.7.4 
time-Integration theorem
If 
v 
(
t
) 

f 
(
t
) 
u 
(
t
) has a Laplace transform 
V 
(
s
), then, 
v
i

(
t
) 

v t dt
t
( )
0


has a Laplace transform 
V s
V s
s
i
( )
( )
.
=
V s
v t dt e dt
d
v t dt e
dt
v t e
s
i
t
st
t
st
st
( )
( )
( )
( )
=
(
)
(
)
=











0
0
0
vv t dt e
V s
v t dt e dt
s
v t e
t
st
i
t
st
st
( )
( )
( )
( )
0
0
0
0
1






(
)

=
(
)
=




−−












+
(
)
=
+
dt
s
d
v t dt e
dt
dt
s
v t e dt
s
v t
t
st
st
1
1
1
0
0
0
( )
( )
( )
ddt e
t
st
0
0



(
)


The function 
v
(
t
) is stated to possess a Laplace transform. This implies that there is an exponential 
function 
Me
a
 
t
with some positive value of 
M
and some real value for 
a
such that |
v
(
t
)| < 
Me
a
t

Otherwise, 
v
(
t
) would not have a Laplace transform. Therefore, the function 
v t dt
t
( )
0


will satisfy the 
inequality |
v t dt
t
( )
0


| < |
 M/
a
(
e
a
t
– 1)| and therefore is bounded. Therefore, the Laplace transform of 
v t dt
t
( )
0


will exist. That is, it is possible to select a value for 
s
such that the function 
v t dt
t
( )
0


× 
e
-
st
is 
a decaying function. For such an 
s

i.e.,
for a value of 
s
in the ROC of Laplace transform of 
v t dt
t
( ) ,
0


the value of 
v t dt e
t
st
( )
0


(
)

will go to zero as 
t


. And, the value of 
v t dt e
t
st
( )
0


(
)

at 
t

0
-
is zero 
in any case.

=
=




V s
s
v t e dt
V s
s
i
st
( )
( )
( )
1
0
example: 13.7-2
Find the Laplace transform of 
t
n
u
(
t
).
Solution
The function 
tu
(
t
) is the integral of 
u
(
t
). Therefore, 
tu t
s
( )
/

1
2
. Now the function 
t
2
u
(
t
) is 
2 times the integral of 
tu
(
t
). Therefore, 
t u t
s
2
3
2
( )
/

. Proceeding similarly to the power 
n
, we get, 
t u t
n s
n
n
( )
!/

+
1
.


Some Theorems on Laplace Transforms 
13.23
13.7.5 
s
-domain-differentiation theorem
If 
v 
(
t
) 

f 
(
t
) 
u 
(
t
) has a Laplace transform 
V 
(
s
), then, 
-
tv 
(
t
) has a Laplace transform 
dV s
ds
( )
.
We show this by determining the Laplace transform of 
-
tv
(
t
) from the defining integral.

=









tv t e dt
v t te
dt
st
st
0
0
( )
( )[
]
We have repeatedly used the limit 
lim
(
)



a
a
a
a
a
a

+

=
0
e
e
te
t
t
t
many times before. We use this limit 
again with 
a
= -
s
within the integral.


=















− +



tv t e dt
v t
e
e
s
d
st
s
s
s t
st
0
0
0
( )
( ) lim
(
)



tt
Since the limiting operation is on 
s
and integration is on 
t
we may interchange the order of these 
two operations.


=















− +



tv t e dt
v t
e
e
s
d
st
s
s
s t
st
0
0 0
( )
lim
( )
(
)



tt
s
v t e
e
dt
s
v t e
s
s
s t
st
s
=



=

− +






lim
( )
lim
( )
(
)





0
0
0
1
1
((
)
( )
lim
(
)
( )
l
s
s t
st
s
dt
v t e
dt
s
V s
s
V s
+









(
)
=
+

(
)
=




0
0
0
1
iim
(
)
( )
( )



s
V s
s
V s
s
dV s
ds

+

=
0
13.7.6 
s
-domain-Integration theorem
If 
v 
(
t
) 

f 
(
t
) 
u 
(
t
) has a Laplace transform 
V 
(
s
) and 
lim
( )
t
v t
t

0
is finite, then, 
v t
t
( )
has a Laplace 
transform 
V s ds
s
( ) .


V s ds
v t e dt ds
v t
e ds
s
st
s
st
s
( )
( )
( )











=




=






0
0
∫∫

=








−∞


dt
v t
e
e
t
dt
st
t
( )
0
If the integration 
V s ds
s
( )


is carried out in the right-half of 
s
-plane (ROC of right-sided functions 
will have at least a part of right-half 
s
-plane in it), then 
e
t
−∞
in the last step in the equation above will 
vanish. Then, 
V s ds
v t
t
e
dt
v t
t
s
st
( )
( )
( )





=
=

0
Laplace Transform of 
.


13.24
Analysis of Dynamic Circuits by Laplace Transforms

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