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  the Voltage Across Inductor – the high-pass output



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Electric Circuit Analysis by K. S. Suresh Kumar

12.10.3 
the Voltage Across Inductor – the high-pass output
The magnitude response for this output starts at zero at zero frequency and goes to unity as 
w
 



In between it may be a monotonically increasing function or it may attain a maximum depending on 
the damping present in the circuit. The frequency-response function shown in Eqn. 12.9-5 is plotted 
in Fig. 12.10-4 for various values of 
x
.
Gain
a
a
b
c
d
e
f
Phase
(rad)
b
c
d
e
f
2.8
2.6
2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
2.5
3
2
1.5
1
0.5
1
0.6
0.8
0.4
0.2
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
1.4 1.6 1.8
2.4
ω
ω
n
ω
ω
n
Fig. 12.10-4 

Magnitudeandphaseplotsforinductorvoltagefrequency-responseinaseries
RLC
circuit:(a)
x

0.2,(b)
x

0.3,(c)
x

0.5,(d)
x

0.7,(e)
x

1,(f)
 
x

2
The plots as well as our qualitative discussion reveal that the inductor voltage in a series RLC 
circuit has high-pass nature under sinusoidal steady state. But it is a bad high-pass filter if the series 
RLC circuit is only lightly damped. A good high-pass filter is expected to have near-zero gain at low 
frequencies till a particular frequency and a gain that rapidly rises to unity and remains there after 
that frequency. The prominent resonant peaks in the gain evident in magnitude response plot in Fig. 
12.10-4 for low 
x
values are not acceptable in a good high-pass filter. Such resonant peaks will lead to 
considerable distortion even for signals that do not have any low frequency sinusoids in them.
The voltage across inductor in series RLC circuit leads the input voltage by a phase angle that 
varies from 180
°
to 0
°
with 
w
. The phase angle is 90
°
at
w
n
.
The angular frequency at which the voltage across the inductor peaks for given input voltage 
amplitude is not 
w
n
. It is always greater than 
w
n
and moves further to the right of 
w
n
as 
x
increases. 
Exact expression for the angular frequency at which the magnitude response peaks and the value of 
the peak (if such resonant peaking occurs at all) can be obtained by differentiating the magnitude 
expression in Eqn. 12.9-5 with respect to 
w
and setting the derivative to zero. The result will be
w
w
x
x
x
lp
n
lp
Q
R
Q
=

=

=

1 2
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
4
2
and
where 
w
lp
is the frequency at which gain maximum takes place and R
lp
is the resonant peak factor. The 
expressions reveal that there is a resonant peak only for 
x
< 1/



0.7.
We observe that 
w w
w
cp
lp
n
cp
lp
R
R
=
=
2
and 
. Thus, the geometric mean of resonant peak frequencies 
at high-pass and low-pass outputs is equal to the resonant peak frequency at the band-pass output.
The magnitude response for all the three outputs are shown in Fig. 12.10-5 for 
x
=
0.3. The points 
brought out in the discussion on resonant peaks and the frequencies at which resonant peaks occur are 
illustrated in this plot.


12.34


SeriesandParallel
RLC
Circuits
1.8
Gain
1.747
1.667
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
0.9 1.1
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3
ω
ω
n
v
R
(
j
)
ω
v
S
(
j
)
ω
v
C
(
j
)
ω
v
S
(
j
)
ω
v
L
(
j
)
ω
v
S
(
j
)
ω
Fig. 12.10-5 

Magnituderesponseforlow-pass,band-passandhigh-passoutputsina
series
RLC
circuitwithdampingfactor
=
0.3
The capacitor voltage attains a peak amplitude of 1.747 V at ~0.9 
w
n
and the inductor voltage 
attains a peak amplitude of 1.747 V at ~ 1.1 
w
n
for an input amplitude of 1 V. Both attain amplitude of 
1.667 V at resonant frequency 
w
n
. The factor of the circuit is 1.67.

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