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  frEquEncy rEsponsE of fIrst ordEr



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Electric Circuit Analysis by K. S. Suresh Kumar

11.5 
frEquEncy rEsponsE of fIrst ordEr 
RC
 cIrcuIts
The concept of sinusoidal steady-state frequency response was already introduced in Chapters 9 and 
10. Essentially, we apply a sinusoidal input of suitable amplitude to a circuit and wait for enough time 


11.18


First-Order
RC
Circuits
for the transient response to die down. After steady-state is satisfactorily established in the circuit, 
we measure the amplitude of output and its phase with respect to the input sine wave. We repeat this 
process for various values of frequency of input. We ensure that the circuit is in steady-state before we 
measure the output every time. The data so obtained are plotted to show the variation of ratio of output 
amplitude to input amplitude and phase of steady-state voltage against (
=
wt
). Such a pair of plots 
will constitute what is called the AC steady-state frequency response plots for this circuit. The ratio of 
output amplitude to input amplitude is called the gain of the circuit. Its dimension will depend on the 
nature of input and the output quantities.
The same data can be obtained from the analytical model of the circuit if such a model exists. 
Consider the Series RC Circuit and its phasor model shown in Fig. 11.5-1.

(a)
+
+

R
v
S
(
t
)
v
0
(
t
)

(b)
+
+


R
1
v
S
(
j
)
v
0
(
j
)
ω
ω
C
ω
j
Fig. 11.5-1 
Series
RC
circuitanditsphasormodel
Frequency response function, 
H j
V j
V j
j C
R
j C
o
s
(
)
(
)
(
)
w
w
w
w
w
=
=
+
1
1
==
+
=
+
=
+
( )
∠ −
( )

1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
j RC
j
w
wt
wt
wt
tan
(11.5-1)
The Gain and Phase plots for the circuit are 
shown in Fig. 11.5-2. The gain goes to 70.7% level 
at 
w
=
1/
t
rad/s and phase delay at that frequency 
is 45
°
.

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