4.32
Nodal Analysis and Mesh Analysis
of Memoryless Circuits
+
–
+
–
+
+
+
–
–
–
+
+
–
–
+
–
+
–
6 V
3 V
2 A
1 A
1 A
1 A
1 V
5 V
2 V
2 V
12 V
2 V
–11 V
V
1
V
2
V
3
V
4
3A
3 A
2A
1A
Fig. 4.7-5
Complete mesh analysis solution for the circuit in Fig. 4.7-4
This section has shown that an
n-node,
b-element circuit containing only linear resistors and
independent voltage sources will have a Mesh
representation given by
ZI
=
DU
where
Z
is the
Mesh Resistance Matrix of order (
b
-
n
+
1)
×
(
b
-
n
+
1),
I
is the mesh current column vector of order
(
b
-
n
+
1)
×
1,
U
is the source voltage column vector of order
n
vs
×
1 and
D
is the input matrix of order
(
b
-
n
+
1)
×
n
vs
.
n
vs
is the number of independent voltage sources in the circuit.
z
i
z
ii
th
=
sum of all resistances appearing in the mesh
iij
i
=
negative of sum of all resistances common to
tth
th
ij
th
j
d
j
mesh and
mesh
if
voltage
source is no
=
0
tt present in the mesh
if
voltage source pro
i
j
th
th
1
vvides
voltage rise in the mesh
if
voltage sou
i
j
th
th
−
1
rrce provides voltage drop in the mesh
i
th
Equivalently, the matrix product
DU
may be replaced by a column vector that contains the
net
voltage rise contributed to a mesh by all voltage sources participating in that mesh.
The Mesh
Resistance Matrix will be symmetric for this kind of circuits. The mesh current vector is obtained by
Cramer’s rule or by Matrix inversion as
I
=
Z
-
1
DU
.
4.7.2
Is mesh current measurable?
Mesh current of a mesh in a planar circuit is related to the current that flows in the series combination
of all those elements that participate only in that mesh
if such elements are present in that mesh. In
such cases, a mesh current is indeed a physical quantity and it can be measured. One can always
introduce an ammeter in series with an element that appears only in the concerned mesh and measure
the mesh current flowing in that mesh.
However, what if there is no wholly owned element in a particular mesh? For instance, consider the
mesh
marked as M
k
in part of a large circuit, shown in Fig. 4.7-6.
This mesh in circuit Fig. 4.7-6(a) has no element wholly owned by it. The mesh current
i
k
assigned
to this mesh cannot be identified as the current flowing through any of the circuit elements appearing in
the mesh. However, let us try to create a
wholly owned element in this mesh without affecting the circuit
solution in any manner. Assume that
R
2
is a member of only one mesh. Then, nothing prevents us from
changing our viewpoint to that expressed by the circuit in Fig. 4.7-6(b). Here, we have introduced an
additional node at the junction between
R
2
and
R
1
and introduced a short-circuit element in between
the new node and the old one. Introduction of a shorting link causes no change in the circuit variables
anywhere in the circuit. However, now we identify this newly introduced short-circuit element as the
Mesh Analysis of Circuits with Independent Current Sources
4.33
element
exclusively owned by mesh
M
k
and identify the mesh current variable
i
k
as the current that
flows in this element. We can introduce an ammeter there as shown in Fig. 4.7-6(b) and measure
i
k
.
M
k
i
k
R
1
R
2
(a)
M
k
i
k
R
1
R
2
A
(b)
+
–
Fig. 4.7-6
Circuit pertaining to measurability
of mesh currents
However, even this technique will fail to make the mesh current variable
i
k
measurable if
R
2
is a
member of yet another mesh. If the entire periphery of the mesh
M
k
is shared by some mesh or other,
then, a short-circuit element introduced anywhere in the periphery will be shared by some other mesh.
Thus, we conclude that there can be meshes in which mesh current cannot be identified as the
current flowing in any element in that mesh. Therefore, in general, mesh current is a ‘fictitious current’
that is not measurable directly. It is a ‘fictitious current’ that can be thought of as ‘flowing around the
periphery of the mesh’. Element currents are measurable. Each element current is a combination of two
‘peripheral currents’ or mesh currents. However, these peripheral currents are not always measurable.
However, the KVL equations written for meshes in a planar circuit will form a set of (
b
-
n
+
1)
independent equations quite independent of whether the mesh currents are measurable or not.
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