CHAPTER 4
CHARACTERIZATION AND pH-
DEPENDENT LEACHING
BEHAVIOUR OF HISTORICAL
AND MODERN COPPER SLAGS
This chapter has been published as:
Potysz A., Kierczak J., Fuchs Y., Grybos M., Guibaud G., Lens P.N.L. &
van Hullebusch E.D. (2016): Characterization and pH-dependent leaching
behaviour of historical and modern copper slags. Journal of Geochemical
Exploration 160, 1-15.
CHAPTER 4: CHARACTERIZATION AND pH-DEPENDENT LEACHING BEHAVIOUR OF HISTORICAL AND
MODERN COPPER SLAGS
97
ABSTRACT
A geochemical approach combining chemical and mineralogical studies together with pH-
dependent leaching experiments was applied to carry out an environmental risk assessment
analysis of copper metallurgical slags. Two groups of Cu-metallurgical slags were
investigated: historical (HS) and modern slags including shaft furnace slag (SFS), granulated
slag (GS) and lead slag (LS) representing various smelting technologies. The metallic
elements composition (Cu, Zn and Pb) of the slags, especially their distribution in mineral
phases as well as their leachability at different pH conditions were determined. The slags
display different chemical (e.g., Cu; HS: 5657 mg/kg; SFS: 2687 mg/kg; GS: 11425 mg/kg,
LS: 10915 mg/kg) and phase composition, with various impurities of metallic elements in
different quantities. Consequently, these materials show different leachability of metallic
compounds when exposed to various pH conditions (2-13). HS and SFS slags are mainly
composed of synthetic analogues of silicates such as fayalite (HS) and diopside (SFS) as well
as minor sulfides. GS is an amorphous material composed of glass containing copper droplets,
whereas LS is an exceptional slag type corresponding to a matte and characterized by a
volumetrically major sulfides and a minor fayalite content. pH-dependent leaching
experiments revealed that high concentrations of Cu, Zn and Pb may be released during
leaching. Aggressive acidic conditions (pH 2) were found to be the least stable for the
analysed materials, e.g., Cu: up to 5873 mg/kg for GS; Zn: up to 8919 mg/kg for LS, Pb: up to
17186 mg/kg for LS. Alkaline pH (12-13), being generally less aggressive for slags than
acidic conditions, also showed that significant amounts of metals may be mobilized (e.g., Cu:
up to 114 mg/kg for HS; Zn: up to 243 mg/kg for LS; Pb: up to 5539 mg/kg for LS). pH
conditions close to neutral (7-8) and those with slightly alkaline pH (10.5) appear to be the
most stable for the analysed materials.
Keywords: copper slags, primary phases, metal distribution, pH-dependent leaching
behaviour (Cu, Zn,
Pb)
CHAPTER 4: CHARACTERIZATION AND pH-DEPENDENT LEACHING BEHAVIOUR OF HISTORICAL AND
MODERN COPPER SLAGS
98
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