5.1 INTRODUCTION
Copper has been an essential metal for human civilization since ancient times and remains
indispensable for modern day culture. Subsequently, its pyrometallurgical processing is
currently well developed worldwide (Radetzki, 2009). Unfortunately, smelting industry
generates waste slags that are unavoidable even at a very high level of process efficiency.
Slags are important by-products in terms of production volume and the residual metal content
resulting from smelting process loses (Ettler et al., 2009; Fernández-Caliani et al., 2012;
Potysz et al., 2015). Currently Cu-slags are used for civil and hydraulic engineering
applications (Shi et al., 2008; Schmukat et al., 2012). However, appropriate slag management
requires the evaluation of potential release of metallic contaminants from the slags (Schmukat
et al., 2013).
Due to lack of environmental awareness in the past, slags were considered to be non-
hazardous materials and their “life cycle” was limited to two stages: production and disposal.
A long-term exposure of these wastes to biogeochemical weathering led to mobilization of
metals and undesirable effects on soil, sediment and water contamination which is
experienced nowadays (e.g. Manz & Castro, 1997; Sobanska et al., 2000; Parsons et al., 2001;
Lottermoser, 2002; Ettler et al., 2004; Piatak et al., 2004; Kierczak et al., 2013). In spite of
playing essential biological functions, metals can accumulate in living organisms (e.g. plants)
or even have a toxicological effect if concentrations exceed toxicity thresholds (Nederlof et
al., 1993). Furthermore, the transfer of metals to soil or surface water and their subsequent
passage into higher levels of the food chain might be a great concern too. For this reason, an
evaluation of slags weathering and metal release under different environmental
conditions/scenarios is important for existing dumping sites at which remediation operations
might be of strong need in order to comply with regulatory requirements of environmental
quality.
The soluble organic acids in soils are very complex and represent a large spectrum of
polymers consisting of specific low- and high-molecular weight compounds varying in
chemical composition, aromaticity and functional groups (Chin et al., 1994; Fu et al., 2006;
Sposito, 2008; Güngör & Bekbölet, 2010). Due to specific properties, soluble organic acids
affect directly and/or indirectly the weathering rate of minerals (Drever and Stillings, 1997;
Jones et al., 1998). By adsorption onto mineral surfaces, formation of aqueous complexes
with dissolving cations or changing pH of the solution, organic acids influence the
thermodynamic equilibria and/or locally weak the chemical bounds of the dissolving mineral
structure (Lawrence et al., 2014; Drever & Stilling, 1997; Oelkers and Schott, 1998; Welch &
Ulman, 1993; Li et al., 2006; Ganor et al., 2009; Jahnson et al., 2005). Moreover, metal
complexation with dissolved organic compounds may control metal speciation, toxicity and
bioavailability as well as facilitate its migration or transport (Rashid, 1971; Hinsinger, 2001;
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Mostofa et al., 2013). The predominant input of soluble organic acids to the soil environment
is decaying plants and microbial decomposition products as well as roots exudates (Jones,
1998; Wu et al. 2002), even if some organic compounds may be deposited onto soil by winds
or rainwater (Millet et al., 1997). The most common components of soluble organic acids are
humic substances (humic and fulvic acids), although other biomolecules such as lipids, amino
acids, organic acids and carbohydrates are frequently present as well (Jones & Darrah, 1994).
In the majority of soils, the highest concentrations of organic compounds are found in a near
surface soil horizon and particularly in the rhizosphere (Drever & Vance, 1994; van Hees et
al., 2000; Degryse et al., 2008). Non humified organic acids in soils are typically present at
micro-molar concentrations, however those at mili-molar ranges have also been reported
(Jones, 1998; Strobel et al., 2001). The content might vary depending on plant species
growing and its age as well type of soil and environmental conditions (e.g. moisture content)
(Jones, 1998; Strobel et al., 2001). Humified organic acids usually contribute in 10-50% to
soil organic matter whose concentration might be estimated out of organic carbon content by
multiplying its value by approximate factor of 2 (Pribyl, 2010). Thus,
slag weathering
enhanced by humic substances and root exudates is especially relevant because disposed slags
are often in direct contact with soil. Moreover, vegetation cover developing on the dump
surface might serve not only as protective layer minimizing erosion (Roy et al., 2002), but
might also supply organic compounds derived from root exudation (Houben et al., 2013). A
possible weathering scenario which may be encountered in soil and rhizosphere environments
is presented in Figure 5.1.
Soluble organic acids affect even highly insoluble mineral phases (Jones and Darrah, 1994;
Bennett, 1991). The interactions of organic compounds with silicate minerals may enhance
their weathering due to intensification of breaking Si-O-Si bonds (Bennett, 1991). The
disturbance of metal bearing mineral phases might result in release of important quantities of
elements including toxic ones (Baker, 1973). In turn, plant uptake of metals in excess might
lead to (i) H
+
exudation as charge balancing reaction, hence local acidification (Dakora &
Phillips, 2002) or (ii) metal transfer on the top of dumps through leaf deposition at the end of
the vegetation cycle (Figure 5.1).
A number of studies on industrial wastes e.g. fly ashes and mine tailings, has examined
leaching of metals under exposure to simple organic acids. Banks et al. (1994) observed
enhanced mobilization of Zn from mine tailings under exposure to succinic, acetic and formic
acid (50-1000 µM). Likewise, Burckhard et al. (1995) observed a similar effect and noted
greater Zn complexation by citric acid as compared to formic, succinic and oxalic acids
(1000-10000 µM). Ettler et al. (2009) reported enhanced release of Zn and Pb from fly ashes
when exposed to acetic, oxalic and citric acid (500 µM). Despite the fact that several studies
have already proven mobilization of metals by simple organic acids, a more complex
composition of root exudates or humic substances would be required to represent more
specific rhizosphere and soil conditions.
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This study has been undertaken in order to compare the leaching behavior of four chemically
and mineralogically different slags under exposure to organic components commonly present
in soil and rhizosphere. Humic and fulvic acids solutions used in the leaching experiments
represented dissolved soil humic substances, while a mixture of low molecular weight organic
acids, sugars and amino acids represented root exudates of the rhizosphere. Ultrapure water
was used as experimental control.
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