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Fundamentals-of-Management-8th-Edition-Ricky-Griffin-978-1285849041

F I G U R E 6 . 1
The Job Characteristics Approach
The job characteristics approach to job design provides a viable alternative to job
specialization. Five core job dimensions may lead to critical psychological states that,
in turn, may enhance motivation, performance, and satisfaction while also reducing
absenteeism and turnover.
Source: J. R. Hackman and G. R. Oldham, “Motivation through the Design of Work:
Test of a Theory,”
Organizational Behavior and Human Performance
, 1976, Vol. 16,
pp. 250–279.
functional
departmentalization
Grouping jobs
involving the same
or similar activities
Chapter 6:
Organization Structure and Design
1 6 5
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bureaucratic. Employees may also begin to concentrate too narrowly on their own unit
and lose sight of the total organizational system. Finally, accountability and performance
become increasingly difficult to monitor. For example, determining whether a new product
fails because of production deficiencies or a poor marketing campaign may not be possible.
Product Departmentalization
Product departmentalization
, a second common
approach, involves grouping and arranging activities around products or product groups.
Most larger businesses adopt this form of departmentalization for grouping activities at the
business or corporate level. Product departmentalization has three major advantages. First,
all activities associated with one product or product group can be easily integrated and coor-
dinated. Second, the speed and effectiveness of decision making are enhanced. Third, the
performance of individual products or product groups can be assessed more easily and
objectively, thereby improving the accountability of departments for the results of their
activities.
Product departmentalization also has two major disadvantages. For one, managers in
each department may focus on their own product or product group to the exclusion of
the rest of the organization. For example, a marketing manager may see his or her
primary duty as helping the group rather than helping the overall organization. For
another, administrative costs rise because each department must have its own functional
specialists for areas such as market research and financial analysis.

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