Steps in Rational Decision Making
A manager who really wants to approach a decision rationally and logically should try to
follow the
steps in rational decision making
listed in Table 4.1. These steps in rational
decision making help keep the decision maker focused on facts and logic and help guard
against inappropriate assumptions and pitfalls.
Although the presumptions of the classical decision model rarely exist, managers can
still approach decision making with rationality. By following the steps of rational
decision making, managers ensure that they are learning as much as possible about the
decision situation and its alternatives.
Recognizing and Defining the Decision Situation
The first step in rational
decision making is recognizing that a decision is necessary—that is, there must be some
stimulus or spark to initiate the process. For many decisions and problem situations, the
stimulus may occur without any prior warning. When equipment malfunctions, the
manager must decide whether to repair or replace it. Or, when a major crisis erupts, as
described in Chapter 3, the manager must quickly decide how to deal with it. As we
already noted, the stimulus for a decision may be either positive or negative. A manager
who must decide how to invest surplus funds, for example, faces a positive decision
situation. A negative financial stimulus could involve having to trim budgets because of
cost overruns.
Inherent in problem recognition is the need to define precisely what the problem
is. The manager must develop a complete understanding of the problem, its causes,
and its relationship to other factors. This understanding comes from careful analysis
and thoughtful consideration of the situation. Consider the situation currently being
faced in the international air travel industry. Because of the growth of international
travel related to business, education, and tourism, global carriers such as Singapore
Airlines, KLM, JAL, British Airways, and American Airlines need to increase their
capacity for international travel. Because most major international airports are
already operating at or near capacity, adding a significant number of new flights to
existing schedules is not feasible. As a result, the most logical alternative is to
increase capacity on existing flights. Thus, Boeing and Airbus, the world’s only man-
ufacturers of large commercial aircraft, recognized an important opportunity and
defined their decision situation as how to best respond to the need for increased
global travel capacity.
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