wholesalers; Big Mac ingredients from wholesale food processors; and napkins, sacks, and
wrappers from packaging manufacturers. Besides material resources such as these, busi-
nesses also rely on suppliers for information (such as economic statistics), labor (in the
form of employment agencies), and capital (from lenders such as banks). Some businesses
strive to avoid depending exclusively on particular suppliers. Others, however, find it
beneficial to create strong relationships with single suppliers.
Regulators
Regulators
are elements of the task environment that have the potential
to control, legislate, or otherwise influence an organization’s policies and practices.
There are two important kinds of regulators.
Regulatory agencies
are created by the
government to protect the public from certain business practices or to protect
organizations from one another. Powerful federal regulatory agencies include the Envi-
ronmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC),
the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission (EEOC). Many of these agencies play important roles in protecting the
rights of individuals. The FDA, for example, helps ensure that food is free from
contaminants; thus, it is an important regulator for McDonald’s and Starbucks.
Numerous state, regional, and local regulatory agencies also affect businesses. Perhaps
it is no surprise that some managers complain that there is too much government
regulation. Most large companies must dedicate thousands of labor hours and hun-
dreds of thousands of dollars a year to complying with government regulations. To
complicate managers’ lives even more, different regulatory agencies sometimes provide
inconsistent—and even contradictory—mandates.
The other basic form of regulator is the
interest group
. Prominent interest groups
include the National Organization for Women (NOW), Mothers Against Drunk Driving
(MADD), the National Rifle Association (NRA), the League of Women Voters, the Sierra
Club, Ralph Nader’s Center for the Study of Responsive Law, Consumers Union, and
industry self-regulation groups such as the Council of Better Business Bureaus. Although
interest groups lack the official power of government agencies, they can exert consider-
able influence by using the media to call attention to their positions. MADD, for exam-
ple, puts considerable pressure on alcoholic-beverage producers (to put warning labels on
their products), automobile companies (to make it more difficult for intoxicated people
to start their cars), local governments (to stiffen drinking ordinances), and bars and res-
taurants (to refuse to sell alcohol to people who are drinking too much).
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