Convenience

classical
management
perspective
Consists of two
distinct branches—
scientific
management and
administrative
management
scientific
management
Concerned with
improving the
performance of
individual workers
soldiering
Employees
deliberately working
at a slow pace
12
Part 1:
An Introduction to Management
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Figure 1.3 illustrates the basic steps Taylor suggested. He believed that managers who
followed his guidelines would improve the efficiency of their workers.
24
Taylor’s work had a major impact on U.S. industry. By applying his principles, many
organizations achieved major gains in efficiency. Taylor was not without his detractors,
however. Labor argued that scientific management was just a device to get more work
from each employee and to reduce the total number of workers needed by a firm. There
was a congressional investigation into Taylor’s ideas, and evidence suggests that he falsified
some of his findings.
25
Nevertheless, Taylor’s work left a lasting imprint on business.
26
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, contemporaries of Taylor, were a husband-and-wife team
of industrial engineers. One of Frank Gilbreth’s most interesting contributions was to the
craft of bricklaying. After studying bricklayers at work, he developed several procedures
for doing the job more efficiently. For example, he specified standard materials and tech-
niques, including the positioning of the bricklayer, the bricks, and the mortar at different
levels. The results of these changes were a reduction from 18 separate physical move-
ments to 5 and an increase in the output of about 200 percent. Lillian Gilbreth made
equally important contributions to several different areas of work, helped shape the
field of industrial psychology, and made substantive contributions to the field of person-
nel management. Working individually and together, the Gilbreths developed numerous
techniques and strategies for eliminating inefficiency. They applied many of their ideas
to their family and documented their experiences raising 12 children in the book and
original 1950 movie
Cheaper by the Dozen
.