Convenience

214
Part 3:
Organizing
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SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES AND KEY POINTS
1.
Describe the nature of organization change,
including forces for change and planned versus
reactive change.
• Organization change is any substantive modi-
fication to some part of the organization.
• Change may be prompted by forces internal or
external to the organization.
• In general, planned change is preferable to
reactive change.
2.
Discuss the steps in organization change and how
to manage resistance to change.
• The Lewin model provides a general perspective
on the steps involved in change.
• A comprehensive model is usually more effective.
• People tend to resist change because of uncer-
tainty, threatened self-interests, different per-
ceptions, and feelings of loss.
• Participation, education and communication,
facilitation, and force-field analysis are methods
for overcoming this resistance.
3.
Identify and describe major areas of organization
change and discuss the assumptions, techniques,
and effectiveness of OD.
• The most common areas of change involve
changing organizational structure and design,
technology, and people.
• Business process change is a more massive and
comprehensive change.
• OD is concerned with changing attitudes,
perceptions, behaviors, and expectations. Its
effective use relies on an important set of
assumptions.
• There are conflicting opinions about the
effectiveness of several OD techniques.
4.
Describe the innovation process, forms of inno-
vation, the failure to innovate, and how organiza-
tions can promote innovation.
• The innovation process has six steps: develop-
ment, application, launch, growth, maturity,
and decline.
• Basic categories of innovation include radical,
incremental, technical, managerial, product,
and process innovations.
• Despite the importance of innovation, many
organizations fail to innovate because they lack
the required creative individuals or are com-
mitted to too many other creative activities, fail
to recognize opportunities, or resist the change
that innovation requires.
• Organizations can use a variety of tools to
overcome these problems, including the reward
system, organizational culture, and
intrapreneurship.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS