Convenience



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Fundamentals-of-Management-8th-Edition-Ricky-Griffin-978-1285849041

Decision Making Defined
Decision making
can refer to either a specific act or a general process.
Decision making
is the act of choosing one alternative from among a set of alternatives. The decision-
making process, however, is much more than this. One step of the process, for example,
is that the person making the decision must both recognize that a decision is necessary
and identify the set of feasible alternatives before selecting one. Hence, the
decision-
making process
includes recognizing and defining the nature of a decision situation,
identifying alternatives, choosing the “best” alternative, and putting it into practice.
4
decision making
The act of choosing
one alternative from
among a set of
alternatives
decision-making
process
Recognizing and
defining the nature of
a decision situation,
identifying
alternatives,
choosing the best
alternative, and
putting it into
practice
100
Part 2:
Planning
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The word
best
, of course, implies effectiveness. Effec-
tive decision making requires that the decision maker
understands the situation driving the decision. Most
people would consider an effective decision to be one
that optimizes some set of factors, such as profits, sales,
employee welfare, and market share. In some situations,
though, an effective decision may be one that minimizes
loss, expense, or employee turnover. It may even mean
selecting the best method for going out of business, lay-
ing off employees, or terminating a strategic alliance.
We should also note that managers make decisions
about both problems and opportunities. For example,
making decisions about how to cut costs by 10 percent
reflects a problem—an undesirable situation that
requires a solution. But decisions are also necessary in
situations of opportunity. Learning that the firm is
earning higher-than-projected profits, for example,
requires a subsequent decision. Should the extra funds
be used to increase shareholder dividends, reinvest in
current operations, or expand into new markets?
5
Of course, it may take a long time before a manager can
know if the right decision was made. For example, in late
2008 and early 2009, government leaders made the deci-
sion to invest billions of dollars in failing financial institu-
tions and other businesses. It will be years—or perhaps
decades—before economists and other experts will know
if those were sound decisions or if the United States would
have been better off by allowing those businesses to fail.

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