52
ideas are provided in each paragraph, that writing has a non-linear writing style,
like
Hindi language, and may follow the features of digression and indirection,
such as French and German languages. In contrast to nonlinear languages which
are specified by repetition, linear language seldom uses repetition except for
strengthening the tone of the writing to enhance persuasiveness ("Rhetorical
Preferences", n.d.).
In Monroy and Scheu some guidelines are established
84
for a straight linear
rhetorical pattern.
1) Thematic Unit (TU). This category is called to be present, whenever there is
only one thesis in an essay in a way that it binds all parts to a single main idea.
2) Thematic Progression (TP). This category
is called to be present, whenever
the writer provides a relationship between all thematic sentences in each paragraph
with the main thesis.
3) Paragraph Unity (PU). This category is called to be present, whenever the
writer provides a monothematic structure and not a polythematic one, in a way
that all sentences develop the controlling idea through expanding and illustrating
it.
4) Personal tone (PT). According to Hinds
85
, 1987
cited in Monroy
86
, this
category refers to consistent point of view; writers responsible vs. reader
responsible languages.
5) Inter-paragraph cohesion (Co). This category is called to be present,
whenever there are linkages between
paragraphs in a co-referential, co-
classification or co-extensive way.
6) Concreteness (CON). This category is called to be present, whenever the
tendency is toward using more concrete words rather than abstract words.
84
Monroy, R. & Scheu, D. (1997). Reflejo cultural en los estilos de hispanohablantes estudiantes de ingles como
LE.Consideraciones pedagogicas. In Juan Conesa (Eds).
Estudios de Linguistica Aplicada y Literatura. Homenaje
Postumo al Prof.
Departamento de Filologia Inglesa.Universidad de Murcia, 201-221.
85
Hinds, J. (1990). Inductive, deductive, quasi inductive: Expository writing in Japanese, Korean, Chinese and Tai.
In U. Connor and A.M. Johns (Eds.),
Coherence in writing: research and pedagogical perspective,
Alexandria, VA:
TESOL, 87-110,.
86
Monroy, R. (2008). Liniearity in language: Rhetorical discursive Preferences in English and Spanish in the Light
of Kaplan's
Model.
International journal of English studies, 8.
2, 173-189.
53
7) Sentence Simplicity (SS). This category is called to be present, whenever the
writer makes use of more simple and coordinate sentences rather than complex or
subordinate sentences.
Therefore we can say that a writing style follows the pattern of linearity if it
has the above mentioned characteristics.
Chinese, Korean and Japanese Styles
In these languages, writers mix different patterns. In fact, they can tolerate
complex rhetorical structures in an essay which is not linearly organized. Their
writing consisted of four stages: "beginning", "development", "turn", and "end" or
as they called it qi-cheng-zhuan-he. Their writing is
not developed in a straight
line proceeding from a statement of the central idea followed by elaboration.
Instead, the main idea is mentioned indirectly by talking about issues which are
not directly related to the central idea.
Like other second language learners, they tend to unconsciously transfer
their first language writing habits into English. Due to their complex style, their
writing is confusing to English readers. Therefore, in writing classes they have to
be aware about rhetorical preferences of different languages in order
to adopt their
style while writhing in other languages.
C.
French, German and Hindi Styles
Digression or change of topic is Characteristic of French, German and
Hindi writings. In German writing, digression
mainly occurs to provide
background information, give analysis, or comments on side-track topics. In his
study, Kachru also provided
87
three main features of Hindi writing which shows
its digressive pattern. Digression can be strategically used for
providing additional
information, suggesting alternative viewpoints on an issue, or it may be used as a
hedging device or used for the purpose of humor.
D.
Thai Style
87
Kachru,Y(1995). Cultural meaning and rhetorical styles: toward a framework for contrastive rhetoric. In Guy
Cook and Barbara Seidlhofer (Eds.).
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