Contents introduction chapter postcolonial period in American literature

CHAPTER 2. Multiculturalism in English literature
2.1. Major themes in British anti-colonial novels
The term multiculturalism has several meanings in the context of sociology, political philosophy, and colloquial speech. In sociology and in everyday use, it is ‘ethnic pluralism’, the two terms are often used interchangeably and are synonymous with cultural pluralism, in which different ethnic groups cooperate without losing their identity. and communicate with each other. . It can describe an area with a mixed ethnic community in which several cultural traditions exist or a single state in which they exist. Often, the focus is on groups related to local, aboriginal, or autochthonous ethnic groups, as well as ethnic groups descended from immigrants.
As applied to sociology, multiculturalism is the final state of a natural or artificial process (e.g., legally managed immigration ) and occurs on a larger national scale or on a smaller scale within national communities. On a smaller scale, this can be artificial when jurisdiction is established or expanded by merging territories with two or more different cultures (French Canada and British Canada). On a large scale, this can occur as a result of legal and illegal migration to various jurisdictions around the world.
Relation to political science, multiculturalism can be described as the state’s ability to effectively and efficiently manage cultural diversity within its sovereign boundaries. As a political philosophy, multiculturalism involves very different ideologies and policies. It is called a “salad bowl” and a “cultural mosaic” as opposed to a “melting pot”.¹
The concept of multiculturalism has been widespread since ancient times. The Achaemenid Empire, founded by Cyrus the Great, pursued a policy of uniting different cultures and tolerance.
A historical example of multiculturalism was the Habsburg monarchy, which collapsed in 1918 and where different ethnic, linguistic and religious groups coexisted under its roof . One of the foundations of this centuries-old policy was Habsburg’s “live and let” principle. The impact of this multicultural political system can still be measured statistically today, as a particularly positive relationship of trust between citizens and government (called the Habsburg effect) can still be seen in previous rule. Today’s pressing issues such as social and cultural stratification, multilingualism, competitive identity propositions, or multiple cultural identities have already shaped the scientific theories of many thinkers in this multinational empire. After the First World War, ethnic minorities were at a disadvantage, having been forced to emigrate or even killed in most parts of the former Habsburg monarchy due to the prevailing nationalism at the time. In many areas, these ethnic mosaics do not exist today. The ethnic mix of that period can only be seen in a few areas, such as the former port city of Trieste in Habsburg. Much of the debate about multiculturalism stems from the fact that multiculturalism is the right way to deal with diversity and immigration integration. Arguments concerning the claimed rights to multicultural education include the fact that, unlike melting pot or non-multicultural societies, the group culture and all its experience works as a way of demanding recognition of aspects of subordination.
The term “multiculturalism” is often applied to Western national states that appear to have achieved a single national identity in practice in the 18th and / or 19th centuries. Since the 1970s, multiculturalism has been the official policy in some Western countries, due to the fact that in many countries, including many major cities in the Western world, there is a growing mosaic of cultures.¹
The Canadian government is often referred to as the instigator of a multicultural ideology because of the public’s attention to the social significance of immigration. The Royal Canadian Commission on Bilingualism and Multiculturalism is often cited as a source of modern political consciousness of multiculturalism. Canada gave rules to the French-speaking majority of Quebec to operate as an autonomous community with exclusive rights to govern members of its community, and designated French as one of the official languages. In West English-speaking countries, multiculturalism emerged as an official national policy in Canada in 1971 and then in Australia in 1973 and has survived to this day. This was soon adopted as an official policy by most EU member states. In a number of European countries, including the Netherlands and Denmark, right-wing central governments have recently changed national policies and returned to formal monoculture . A similar turnaround has been the subject of debate in the United Kingdom, among other things, over concerns about emerging segregation and “home-grown” terrorism. Several heads of state and government have questioned the success of multicultural policies: former British Prime Minister David Cameron, German Chancellor Angela Merkel, former Australian Prime Minister John Howard, former Spanish Prime Minister Jose Maria Aznar and former French President Nicolas Sarkozy. concern about the effectiveness of their multicultural policies in integrating migrants.
Many nation-states in Africa, Asia, and the Americas are culturally diverse and descriptively “multicultural”. In some communism, are a major political issue. The policies pursued by these states are often similar to the policies of multiculturalism in the Western world, but the historical basis is different and the goal may be to build a monocultural or monoethnic state - for example, in the Malaysian government’s attempt to create a “Malaysian race”. “Until 2020.
The idea of multiculturalism in modern political discourse and political philosophy reflects the debate over how to understand and respond to the problems of cultural diversity based on ethnic, national, and religious differences. The term “multicultural” is often used as a descriptive term to describe the fact of diversity in a society, but later in the context of Western liberal-democratic societies, multiculturalism is emphasized as a normative ideal. Although the term encompasses a variety of normative statements and objectives, it should be noted that pro-multiculturalism finds common ground in rejecting the “melting pot” ideal that minority groups should assimilate into the ruling population. culture Instead, proponents of multiculturalism support the ideal that members of minority groups can maintain their own collective identity and practices. On the issue of immigrants, proponents argue that multiculturalism is appropriate, not opposed, to the integration of immigrants into society ; a policy of multiculturalism provides a fair integration environment for immigrants.
Modern states are historically organized around the language and culture of the ruling groups that formed them. As a result, members of cultural minorities face obstacles in the conduct of their social practices that are not members of dominant groups. Some theorists advocate tolerance for minority groups and freeing them from state interference ( Kukathas 1995, 2003). Others argue that tolerance of group differences alone is not enough to treat members of minority groups equally; a leading theorist of multiculturalism, Will Kim , called for the recognition and positive acceptance of the practice of minority groups through what he called “group stratified rights” (1995). Some group rights belong to individual members of minority groups, such as those who are excluded from common law because of their religious beliefs, or those who seek to improve their language in education and voting. The other group of differential rights belongs to the members of the group, not separately, but as a group ; such rights are properly referred to as “group rights,” as in the case of local and minority groups claiming the right to self-determination. On the other hand, multiculturalism is closely linked to nationalism .
Multiculturalism is part of a broader political movement to reach out to marginalized groups, including African Americans, women, LGBTQ people, and people with disabilities. This broader political movement was reflected in the “multiculturalism” debates of the 1980s.