Contents introduction chapter postcolonial period in American literature

2.2. Multiculturalism in British anticolonial novels
Referring to the English literary heritage, many of them represent images of Wordsworth, Dickens and other similar writers, whose works are often referred to as classics of English literature. It is these canonical authors - indigenous, white, and usually male - who are also immersed in the history of imperial rights and have a monopoly on what is considered British.
Surprisingly, modern Britain is a very diverse and cosmopolitan state due to the British Empire. This diversity is becoming increasingly important in the understanding of modern English literature, especially as it deals with the integration of post-colonial themes and experiences.¹

Post-colonial literature is an answer to the innate ideal of exclusive and exclusive ‘British’ identity and the various problems that come with colonialism . The phrase “post-colonial literature” itself is controversial (would you call Shakespeare’s work “pre-colonial literature?”) And is often used as a general term to describe broad works that contradict the traditional view of colonial literature. British canon. Modern English literature is often a dialogue between post-colonial themes and notions of British identity, reflecting the complexity of modern Britain. This is especially true when a literary work is written from the perspective of a person who grew up in the various diaspora communities that make up a large part of modern British society.

One of these authors is Hanif His aunt was Maki Qureishi , a well-known Pakistani poet with great literary talent and genealogy . Hanif was born on December 5 , 1954, in Bromley, South London, to an English mother and father from a Pakistani family.

Kureishi grew up with frequent racial and cultural conflicts in his work. His work is also concerned with nationalism, immigration, and sex, making him highly

respected but controversial in his field. His most famous work, perhaps the suburban Buddha, is a semi-autobiographical story about the difficulty of bridging the gap between different cultural traditions that grew up in an immigrant community in the UK in the 1970s.
Kureishi also wrote works such as the screenplay for the 1985 film My Beautiful Laundry . He received an award for Best Screenplay from the New York Film Critics and an Academy Award nomination. Despite these successes , she caused controversy because the plot revolved around a young Pakistani immigrant who opened a washing machine with his white homosexual lover. Several Pakistani organizations have argued that the article negatively portrayed members of their community, but the Quraysh reject the policy of representation, claiming that it focuses on the harsher realities of life, such as racism and class division. Other works on a similar theme include his 1995 diaspora novel, The Black Album, in which a Pakistani-born young man shares his religious roots and liberal ideals with his white Muslim friends. 'qnash will be forced to choose his own when it comes. my love.. .

Another such writer is Andrea Levi, an English writer whose Jamaican parents are Jewish and whose maternal grandfather is Scottish. Most of his stories revolve around the lives of immigrant children raised in England. This includes his Orange Award-winning novel The Little Island , as well as Whitbred’s 2004 Book of the Year. It was dedicated to the Jamaican immigrant diaspora in Britain in the 1940s and 50s, a discrimination associated with their new homes.

not only literature but also poetry is devoted to post-colonial and diaspora themes. The poet who does this is Lemn. Sissay was born in Lancashire to Ethiopian and Eritrean parents. Sissi's mother came to the UK in 1967, but later returned to Africa, leaving her son with a foster family. Sissay was adopted by a family in the north of England and lived with them for 11 years, mostly because he didn’t see many blacks when he felt “lost” and “growing up in an alien environment” . until he became an adult. Many of his works reflect the sense of isolation and alienation in his home. His poems are collected in the collection "Morning Breaks in the Elevator".

Other well-known writers dealing with these topics include Anglo-Chinese writer Timothy Mo and English writer Monica Ali, who were born in Yorkshire to a Welsh mother and are best known for their novels Sweet and Sour and Bread Browning. originally from Bangladesh, his debut novel Brick Lane was nominated for a Booker Prize in 2003.

Salmon Rushdie, a British Indian writer who has caused international controversy with his 1988 novel, Verses of Satan, may be the most famous writer on the subject. He is the winner of the Booker Booker and Best of Booker Awards for his novel Children of the Midnight.
These are just a few of the writers who deal with such topics, and many of them consider the title of “post-colonial writer” controversial. The full list of writers is long enough to compete with the most classical canonical English literature, and in their depth and diversity, these writers reflect the uniqueness and changing nature of British society.
Many formal signs of postmodernism can be found in British literature in Virginia Woolf’s “Orlando” (1928) with a rejection of realism and historical logic. However, it can be argued that Orlando’s difficulties with gender conventions lead it to the orbit of more modernism, or at least one of the local pockets of resistance to the late capitalism described by Jameson. At the same time, most of the literature produced in Britain since the 1960s is very much in line with Jameson’s description of postmodernism, although it is often in a British tone, as in Jean Reese’s (1890–1979) “The Wide Sargasso Sea” (1966). A complex intertextual dialogue with Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855) and Jane Eyre (1847) . Indeed, while The Broad Sargasso Sea uses a relatively simple storytelling style, it is clear that it takes place not in the real world, but in a world that reflects Jane Eyre’s imaginary world, equating it with postmodernism.
Breaking the line between fiction and reality is also found in texts such as John Fowles's (1926–2005) The Wife of a French Lieutenant (1969), a Victorian historical novel; on another level, however, it is a complex metaphysical [9] construction that interprets the structure of texts (especially Victorian novels). Foulz also continued to create other postmodern works of fiction, including The Magus (1973) and The Maggot (1985). After all, "The Wife of a French Lieutenant " is his most important work. As I myself have pointed out elsewhere, this novel “provides remarkable demonstrations of how both sexuality and text lead to irreversible ambiguities in interpretation”. And he achieves these effects mainly by contrasting the two genres that make it up - realistic prose and metaphantas :
“Like the Victorian novel, the book requires the reader to set aside insecurities and agree that the words in the text seem to reflect real events. Like a metaphysical novel, a book requires the reader to renounce faith and engage in the rhetorical games of text creation, agreeing not to succumb to the seductive charm of the story”.
In fact, modern English writers have often dug up materials for the Victorian era . For example, AS Byatt’s (1936) Booker Prize-winning novel Ownership (1990) skillfully combines stories about two contemporary scholars of Victorian literature with another storyline that occurred during the Victorian era itself. The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (1999-2007) series, which included heroes drawn from Alan Moore’s (1953-1953) famous works of Victorian fiction (such as Allan Quaterman and Sherlock Holmes), was one of the most colorful works of graphics. fiction all over the world. the beginning of the twenty-first century.
Angela Carter (1940–1992) often works in a similar mode of updating material from the past, based on explicit postmodern text strategies, but like Wolff’s work, she has created works with a feminist energy that separates them from many postmodern fiction. . She is probably best known for her “House of Blood” (1979), a classic fairy tale with a strong feminist message and a series of modern re-enactments of folk tales. Probably his most obvious postmodern text is “Nights in the Circus” (1984), co-author of the James Tait Black Prize for Fiction, one of
Britain’s oldest literary awards (along with Ballard’s “Empire of the Sun”). Like the French lieutenant’s wife, Nights at the Circus uses a series of strategies to thwart any attempt to interpret the text clearly, with dignity, and at the same time combat traditional gender roles - although Carter’s novel is far more intriguing than Carter’s. has a strong feminist tendency. "
Salmon Rushdie’s work (discussed in more detail in another part of this project) announced that postmodern technologies were fully integrated with British multiculturalism. This combination is, of course, not surprising: in Jameson’s view, one of the key features of postmodernism is its tendency to globalize in line with the increasingly global nature of recent capitalism. Indeed, although “Children of the Midnight” (1981) is related to Indian history, including the experience of colonialism and decolonization, it is an almost paradigmatic postmodernist text. In fact, I have argued elsewhere that it is better to consider it a postmodern novel than a postcolonial novel, because it contains almost no real destructive call to capitalism (and even includes covert attacks on socialism). 10 However, regardless of his political background, Rushdie had a great influence on the English writers who came after him and, of course, contributed to the multiculturalism of modern British literature.
Hanif The English and Pakistani mixed English writer Qureishi (1954 ) also had a special influence on the development of multicultural English literature. The son of a Pakistani father, Kureishi , who attended the same prestigious preparatory school as Rushdie in India, is also a writer, whose work is sometimes similar to that of Rushdie, especially in the imaginative and often humorous use of popular cultural images. His highly successful first novel, The Buddha in the Suburbs (1990, winner of the Whitbred Award for Best First Novel), is a highly postmodern memory of today’s multicultural London, imbued with elements of modern popular culture. The novel is adapted for television in the BBC series written by David Bowie with a soundtrack. Qureyshi’s novel Intimacy (1998) was included in the 2001 film by Patrice Chero . Kureyshi himself is known not only as a writer but also as a screenwriter . His screenplays for "My Good Laundry" (1985, directed by Stephen Frears ) and "Sammy and Rosie Have Fun" (1987, also directed by Frears) were a huge success. In addition, Qureishi wrote and directed the feature film “London Kills Me” in 1991, a dark but humorous story about homeless drug addicts, a clear precursor to Trainspotting (1996), an exemplary text of the project.
At the beginning of the twenty-first century, English fiction received another infusion of multicultural energy through the first work of Zadi Smith (1975-1975 ) , the London daughter of an English father and the London daughter of a Jamaican mother . In 2000, the famous novel "White Teeth". “White Teeth” is a bright souvenir of multicultural London, featuring heroes from different cultures and ethnicities. He won the James Tait Black Memory Award for bestseller fiction and the Whitbread Award for Best First Novel. Elsewhere in this project, it is discussed in detail as a sample text. His second novel, The Autographed Man (2002), sold well, but was less well received by critics than White Teeth. Smith then returned critically with his novel On Beauty (2005), which was shortlisted for the Booker Prize. NZ (2012), Smith’s most official complex and experimental novel, and Swing Time (2016), based mainly on classical Hollywood music, also received widespread criticism, and although Smith spent much of his time in Britain, remains the main voice of his fiction. his time. His time in New York, where he has been a lecturer at New York University since 2010.
Bangladesh-born Monica Ali (born 1967 ) was also critically acclaimed for publishing her first novel, Brick Lane (2003), about the Bangladeshi immigrant community in London. Some in the community (and some strangers) criticized the book’s description of the Bangladeshi immigrant community as misguided and stereotypical, noting that the father’s Bangladeshi daughter and British mother’s daughter Ali had lived in the UK for three years and had done so. does not live in the enclave of immigrants described in the novel. Others, including Rushdie, defended Ali and the novel was nominated for the Booker Prize; According to a 2016 survey of BBC critics outside the UK, it ranks 29th on the list of the greatest British novels of all time, making it the “Children of the Midnight”. seventeen steps ahead of him and put him only four places ahead of the White Teeth. Brick Lane was also successfully photographed in 2007 by Sarah Gavron . Since then, Ali has written three more novels, and this has shown its versatility. Among them, Alentejo Blue (2006), located in a small village in Portugal, is increasingly making itself part of the global world; In the kitchen, which oversees the multinational kitchen staff of a large hotel in the context of rapid social change (2009); and Princess Diana, The Untold Story (2011), which reflects her life if she did not die in a car accident in 1997.
Finally, without mentioning the important work that has emerged in Scotland in recent years, especially since the publication of Alasdair Gray's Lanark (1934-1981), no inquiry into the latest British fiction is complete. lmaydi . The intricate combination of realism, fantasy and science fiction Lanark also uses a number of classic examples of postmodern text-based play. It mixes different genres, styles and styles and consists of four books of 3, 1, 2, 4 order, showing the fragmentation of his story. Gray is also an artist, poet, and playwright, as well as the author of a number of additional novels, including The Whitbread Novel Award and the Guardian Fiction Award, Poor Works (1992).
Among other things, Gray’s work had a significant impact on the Glasgow writer James Kelman (1946), who expanded Gray’s use of the workers ’dialect in Glasgow into a separate art form. Thus, throughout his career , Kelman established himself as a strong, humorous, and humane representative of the Scottish workers ’experience. This is especially true of the Booker-award-winning film The Evening, an explosion of the energy of dirty workers who, through a mixture of inner monologue and indirect freestyle, portray the whole story as the protagonist, the thirty-past . eight-year-old Sammy Samuels. In this sense, it is not much different from many modern novels, starting with James Joyce’s “Portrait of an Artist in His Youth”. However, the oppressed working class is drastically different from the tired artists and intellectuals typical of the Semi modernist novel. Although he has some skill and experience in the construction industry, he spends most of his time unemployed in the current economic downturn in Glasgow. He also spent eleven years of his last eighteen years in prison for crimes he committed simply to survive. Worst of all, at the beginning of the book, Sammy immediately wakes up from the weekend and gets into an argument with the police, which not only beats him severely, but makes him completely blind.
Sammy’s blindness further intensifies his alienation from the world around him, creating an alien perspective compared to the heroes of modern absurd writers such as Beckett and Kafka. However, Sammy’s resolutely hard-working appearance and (especially) language set him apart from such characters, which for some critics (including Kingsley Amis) found the language of the novel to be overly obscene. As one of the book’s protagonists tells Sammy, “every second word is in vain ” that warns her of her own language and is rarely exaggerated. Indeed, the book’s “obscenity” in plain language caused a lot of controversy when it won the Booker Prize , but it’s hard to understand how the book convincingly presented Sammy’s point of view. perhaps the language he uses.
Excitement (1989) was nominated for a Booker Prize and won the James Tait Black Memory Award for science fiction. His other novels: Kieron Smith, The Boy (2008), a story about growing up in urban Glasgow, won the Book of the Year by the Saltyre Society and the Book of the Year by the Scottish Arts Council; the largest literary award. Kelman also known for his political activism in support of the working class. To date , many books on his work have been published.
Scottish writer Irwin Welsh (1958) cited Kelman’s use of the dialect as an important influence . Wales entered the British literary scene in 1993 with the publication of his first novel, Trainspotting. A serocomic tale about the tragedies of a group of Edinburgh heroin addicts, Trainspotting has since become famous for its style and content. It was adapted into a very successful film in 1996 by Danny Boyle. This film, one of the most iconic events of British cinema in the 1990s, will be discussed as a sample text at the end of the next chapter.¹
These Scottish novelists, along with writers such as Ishiguro, Smith and Ali, showcase the bright multicultural nature of English fiction over the last thirty years. Writers in traditional cultural positions also continue to flourish, including Martin Amis (1949), son of Kingsley Amis, whose work had a particularly strong influence on Smith. Amis’s ideas were often controversial, but her fiction — in her novels such as Money (1984) and London Fields (1989) — became one of the leading examples of British postmodern fiction. Amis’s close contemporary, Julian Barnes (1946), is distinguished (and especially postmodern) by his shortlists of three “Booker” books, including the Booker Prize-winning “The Last Feeling” (2011) and “Flaubert’s Parrot” (1984). ) succeeded. . , England, England (1998) and Arthur and George (2005). In general , as we step into the twenty-first century, English fiction seems to be in safe hands.