Confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of corruption crimes in Eastern Europe and Central Asia



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OECD-Confiscation-of-Proceeds-of-Corruption-Crimes-ENG

Bulgaria
is essentially the mixture of administrative procedures and the civil 
court proceedings. Therefore, it might as well be treated as the civil forfeiture. This type of confiscation is 
regulated by the Law on Confiscation of Illegal Assets, which came into force in October 2012. The 
procedure for such confiscation is independent of the criminal proceedings and does not depend on the results 
of such proceedings, and time limits for the court proceedings have been reduced. This type of confiscation 
is against the property itself, but not against the person, which makes possible to confiscate the proceeds of 
crime, irrespectively of the actual owner of these proceeds.
The Law of Bulgaria provides for the establishment of Commission on Illegal Assets Forfeiture (CIAF), 
whose jurisdiction includes the assets verification, the preventive measures initiating and application to the 
court for injunctions, aimed to secure the consequent claim to the regional court about the confiscation of 
unlawfully gained assets. The Commission is the independent specialised state body, consisting of five 
members and staff members of the Head office in Sofia and five regional Directorates. Nevertheless, there 
are still some issues, which are related to the transparency of procedures and criteria for appointment of 
members of the Commission
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.  
The Law provides for two alternative grounds to initiate the verification: commission of the crime or the 
administrative offence. The Article 22 of the Law contains the comprehensive list of crimes, for which such 
grounds are provided for, which includes, but not limited to, both the corruption crimes and money 
laundering, too. The additional grounds for verification are provided by the Law – the Commission should 
find the discrepancy in the amount of Bulgarian Lev 250,000 (about EUR 125,000) or more between the 
assets of the person and his incomes. This threshold is important for initiating the verification only, and the 
civil court is not bound by it when considering the matter of confiscation of the assets.
The verification shall start immediately after the person have been charged with any crime, which is listed 
in the Law of Bulgaria, however, there are exceptions, when the verification may be started without the 
prosecution, in the event, when the defender had been identified, but the criminal proceedings against him 
cannot be initiated, or the criminal prosecution was terminated or suspended (amnesty, limitation, death, or 
transfer of the criminal prosecution; the whereabouts of the person cannot be traced). The second reason to 
start the verification and the procedure of confiscation is the administrative offence that resulted in receiving 
the profits, exceeding Bulgarian Lev 150,000 (about EUR 75,000). The time limit for verification, 
established by Law, is 10 years before its commencement. Under these grounds, the Commission on Illegal 
Assets Forfeiture shall initiate the court proceedings and take participation as a Party in the civil proceedings.
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See Forfeiture of Illegal Assets: Challenges and Perspectives of the Bulgarian Approach. National Report for Bulgaria. Executive 
summary, Transparency International Bulgaria, 2014, page 6. 


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In accordance with the Law of Bulgaria, the following illegal assets are subject to confiscation: the assets 
acquired as a result of unlawful activities and if the lawful origin of these assets cannot be reasonably 
justified, including proceeds, received from the use of those unlawful assets. The Law shall also allow 
confiscating the transformed assets or assets, which have been transferred to third parties, who knew about 
the illegal origin of those assets. The shortcoming of the Law is that only individuals can be subject to 
verification, whereas the legal entities are not included in the list of objects for verification.

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