Keywords:
metrological assurance, level measurement, faomy substances, metrology.
The main technology rise above the rest when it comes to ignoring any foam and making an accurate continuous
level measurement: guided wave radar. Guided wave radar is usually a top choice when the conversation turns to foam.
That’s because this technology has a long and successful history of making accurate liquid level measurements when any
amount of foam is present, regardless of the vessel pressure or the product temperature or density [2]. Guided wave radars
use a cable, rod, or other type of transmission line inserted into the substance to make the measurement. Once installed,
a low amplitude, high-frequency microwave pulse is sent along that line, and the instrument is able to calculate distance
by measuring the time it takes for the pulse to reach the surface of the liquid [3]. This signal is able to move right through
any foam on top of the liquid because the instrument only sees the foam as additional airspace.
The fundamentals of GWR come directly from time domain reflectometry, a pulse-sampling technique that
haracterizesthe distributed electrical properties of transmission lines.TDR instruments launch low-amplitude, high-
frequency pulses onto a transmission line, cable, or waveguide under test and then sequentially sample the reflected signal
amplitudes
[4]
. Typically, the reflected pulse amplitudes are displayed on a calibrated time scale. In this way, cable
impedance changes and discontinuities can be spatially located and assessed.
In guided wave radar, the waveguide becomes a probe immersed in the liquid (or dry, bulk medium). The
characteristic impedance, ε, of the probe (in air, ε = 1) decreases when a liquid (or dry media) of a higher dielectric
displaces the air. The electromagnetic pulses transmitted down the waveguide are reflected at this point of discontinuity,
and the reflections are measured by high-speed circuitry in the transmitter head; in this manner,the level is established
[4].
For typical process media, the dielectric can range from 1.4 to 100. The higher the dielectric constant, the
strongerthe reflected signal. An oscilloscope trace of guided wave radar showing fiducial (baseline reflection) and strong
reflection received from water (a high-dielectric medium) is shown in Figure 2 [5]. The oscilloscope trace shows the
extremely large reflection created by the high-dielectric water ( ε = 80 at 70 °F). The small fiducial, or baseline reflection,
is the zero point for the GWR measurement. A typical fiducial is 200 mV.Th elarge negative level pulse is developed by
the reduction in impedance in the waveguide from the presence of the high-dielectric water [6]. The higher the dielectric
of the medium, the higher the amplitude of the reflection it creates. In this oscilloscope trace, the high dielectric (ε = 80)
water is approximately 2000 mV.
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