|
•
The use of a computer is avoided leading to lower power
consumption and reduced costs.
•
No rewiring required, uses existing power lines.
•
Modularity
•
Size, compactness.
•
Supports for upto 256 appliances/devices
•
Ease of installation
•
Open source hardware
Figure 10.
Setup
VI. A
PPLICATIONS
Agriculture, Soil monitoring, Weather station reporting,
Remote data acquisition, Power line fault monitoring, Home
and industrial automation, Home networking, Automatic meter
reading systems, Real time monitoring of energy consumption,
Building management solutions.
Use of the system shown above for the implementation of
a particular application is explained briefly- The increase in
public demand for energy creates the need for Energy Saving
and Energy Management procedures. Utilities can lower cost
by reading meters remotely, charging according to time of use
or according to level of power used, automating power failure
recovery and lowering the investments in new power stations.
Utilities can increase revenue by offering more services to the
customers (besides just offering power).
In some areas of the world, 30% and more of the electricity
is stolen. AMR/AMM is used to detect electricity looting. Real
time remote monitoring of energy consumption: Every socket
in a particular environment could be monitored for energy
consumption, and the data could be transmitted over the power
lines by using PLCs and then the data could be uploaded onto
the web for visualization. Access to the data could be enabled
using mobile devices so that the user knows which appliance
is consuming the maximum power and could also provide data
to the electricity company about the electricity consumption
patterns in various homes/residences.
VII. F
UTURE
A
DVANCEMENTS
/E
NHANCEMENTS
•
The transmitter unit can be made portable and compact by
incorporating a battery pack, Wi-Fi interface card instead
of Ethernet to the existing set-up.
•
A java based interface could be implemented to incor-
porate the addresses to increase the number of receiver
units thereby controlling more number appliances.
•
One can use advanced communication interface (GPRS,
EGPRS, UMTS) for extended range of control.
•
The entire setup could be miniaturized using SMD com-
ponents and multiple layer PCBs. The resulting size will
5
be small enough to be fixed inside a switch board. High
speed Power Line modems could be used for last mile
broadband connectivity.
•
Implementation of PLC-Zigbee Hybrid combination
could further enhance the functionality of the system.
VIII. R
ESULTS AND CONCLUSION
The system was tested using a Power Line transmitter
and two receivers connected to appliances kept at different
locations but within the same electric network. The appliances
were controlled by sending specific commands to trigger the
relays which were the switch link in the circuit. The signals
do not get transmitted through the MCB so the signals sent
from one house don’t interfere with that of the neighbor’s.
The response to commands sent by the iPod interface had a
lag of 0.6 to 1 second.
Some of the challenges faced during the course of imple-
mentation of the system.
•
Porting the decoding program of OSC messages onto the
microcontroller.
•
Reliability of Power Line communication system
•
To improve the reliability of data reaching the end re-
ceiver redundancy was introduced by sending the data
twice from the Power Line transmitter.
•
The noise on the Power Line and interference if beyond
a threshold could corrupt the data being transmitted on
the Power Line.
•
The range of control primarily depends upon the range
of the Wi-Fi router as the range of the PLC modem has
been validated to be 300m in a straight-line environment.
The system was extensively tested for various conditions/cases
such as AC power, UPS and no power and practical conditions
were simulated artificially; for example resetting automatically
from no power state. The system uses Power Line as a physical
media for communication so in spite of no activity on the
Power Line data was being transferred reliably.
R
EFERENCES
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