partitions,
202
–
205
performance,
226
–
231
running programs,
194
–
199
segments,
220
–
225
sizes,
187
swap,
225
–
226
technologies,
232
–
234
virtual,
205
–
215
Memory address register (MAR),
189
,
190
Memory allocation (MALLOC),
205
Memory data register (MDR),
190
Memory management unit (MMU),
210
,
211
,
242
,
243
Memory-memory based architecture,
148
Memory–register architecture,
105
–
109
MFLOPS,
see
Millions of floating-point operations per second (MFLOPS)
Microcomputers,
13
,
18
Microinstructions,
147
Microprocessor,
88
Microsoft,
28
,
32
,
33
,
391
,
393
,
396
Middleware,
409
,
410
Midrange computers,
90
Millions of floating-point operations per second (MFLOPS),
117
Millions of instructions per second (MIPS),
117
MIMD,
see
Multiple instructions, multiple data streams (MIMD)
Minicomputer,
14
,
89
,
139
MIPS,
see
Millions of instructions per second (MIPS)
MIPS Computer Systems,
139
Mirroring,
see
Redundant array of inexpensive disks (RAID)
MISD,
see
Multiple instructions, single data stream (MISD)
Miss penalty,
247
–
249
Model-view-controller (MVC),
383
Modular approach,
403
Monoprogramming,
194
,
195
,
202
Moore, Gordon,
13
Moore’s law,
13
,
227
Motorola,
140
MTBF,
see
Mean time between failures (MTBF)
Multiple instructions, multiple data streams (MIMD),
344
,
345
Multiple instructions, single data stream (MISD),
344
Multiple processor architectures,
253
–
255
Multiport memory,
193
,
194
Multitier architecture,
38
MVC,
see
Model-view-controller (MVC)
Napier, John,
1
Napier Bones,
1
–
3
Napster,
371
,
372
NAS,
see
Network attached storage (NAS)
Natural numbers,
54
–
57
Negative numbers,
58
–
60
Network attached storage (NAS),
338
Network computers,
28
–
29
Network file system (NFS),
338
“Network of Things,”
42
New York Times
,
12
NFS,
see
Network file system (NFS)
Nonuniform memory access (NUMA),
253
,
254
,
255
No-operand instructions’ architecture,
see
Stack-based architecture
Novell, Inc.,
338
Noyce, Robert,
88
NUMA,
see
Nonuniform memory access (NUMA)
Numerical systems,
48
–
49
Object linking and embedding (OLE),
396
Object model,
381
Object-oriented analysis (OOA),
380
,
381
Object-oriented architecture,
380
–
384
Object-oriented (OO) paradigm,
397
Object request broker (ORB),
389
,
390
OCR, Optical character recognition (OCR)
OCX,
see
OLE custom extension component (OCX)
Office XML formats,
29
Off-line devices,
312
OLE,
see
Object linking and embedding (OLE)
OLE custom extension component (OCX),
396
Olson, Ken,
11
OLTP,
see
Online transaction processing (OLTP)
OMG,
see
Open Management Group (OMG)
Omnibus,
261
,
262
One-bit prediction algorithm,
180
One-bus architecture,
302
Online transaction processing (OLTP),
130
OOA,
see
Object-oriented analysis (OOA)
OO paradigm,
see
Object-oriented (OO) paradigm
Opcode,
see
Operation Code (Opcode)
Open-layered architecture,
376
,
377
Open Management Group (OMG),
388
Open Service Gateway Initiative (OSGI),
410
Open systems interconnection (OSI) model,
375
,
376
Operands,
146
,
162
Operating systems,
299
,
304
–
305
Operation Code (Opcode),
146
Optical character recognition (OCR),
357
Oracle Corporation,
140
,
399
ORB,
see
Object request broker (ORB)
OSGI,
see
Open Service Gateway Initiative (OSGI)
OSI,
see
Open systems interconnection (OSI) model
Overlay mechanism,
206
,
207
PaaS,
see
Platform as a service (PaaS)
Pages, and frames,
209
,
210
Paging,
215
–
220
Parallelism,
345
Parity bit,
282
–
288
Partially online devices,
312
Partitions, memory,
202
–
205
Pascal, Blaise,
3
Passive queue,
see
Client-queue-client architecture
Patterson, D. A.,
328
PC,
see
Personal computer (PC)
PCI,
see
Personal Computer Interconnect (PCI)
PDP,
see
Programmed data processor (PDP)
PE,
see
Processing elements (PE)
Peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture,
371
–
375
Pentium architecture,
269
,
270
Peripheral devices,
295
,
296
Personal Computer Interconnect (PCI),
270
Personal computer (PC),
12
,
13
,
18
–
20
,
28
,
34
,
37
,
89
,
187
,
262
,
263
,
369
,
370
PGND,
see
Protective ground (PGND)
Physical address,
208
Pipeline execution,
151
,
152
,
153
,
154
,
160
,
177
,
239
Platform as a service (PaaS),
357
Polish notation,
102
,
103
Polymorphism,
382
Popular Mechanics
,
11
PowerPC,
139
,
140
Prearchitectural era,
368
–
369
Pre-fetch blocks,
320
Prefix notation,
see
Polish notation
Private cloud,
356
Processing elements (PE),
278
Processor,
see
Central processing unit
Processor-memory bus,
263
,
264
,
265
Programmed data processor (PDP),
191
,
261
Programmed I/O,
296
–
298
Protective ground (PGND),
275
P2P,
see
Peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture
Public cloud,
356
Punched cards,
6
,
7
RAD,
see
Rapid application development (RAD)
Radix complement,
58
,
59
RAID,
see
Redundant array of inexpensive disks (RAID)
RAID Level 0,
328
–
330
Rambus DRAM (RDRAM),
234
Random access memory (RAM),
188
,
190
Rapid application development (RAD),
400
,
401
RAS,
see
Row address strobe (RAS)
RAW,
see
Read after write (RAW)
RDRAM,
see
Rambus DRAM (RDRAM)
Read after write (RAW),
157
Read ahead blocks,
see
Pre-fetch blocks
Reading/writing time,
317
Read-only memory (ROM),
237
Real numbers,
54
Receive data (RXD),
275
RedHat,
410
Reduced instructions set computer (RISC),
139
,
141
,
145
–
150
,
193
Redundant array of inexpensive disks (RAID),
327
–
336
Level 0,
328
–
330
Level 1,
331
Level 2,
331
Level 3,
331
–
332
Level 4,
332
Level 5,
332
–
333
Level 6,
333
–
334
Register-register architecture,
109
–
112
Registers,
9
,
97
–
99
Remote method invocation (RMI),
395
,
396
Remote procedure call (RPC),
392
,
395
Request for proposal (RFP),
6
Request to send (RTS),
275
Resources’ access conflicts hazards,
158
–
161
RFP,
see
Request for proposal (RFP)
RI,
see
Ring indicator (RI)
Ring indicator (RI),
276
RISC,
see
Reduced instruction set computer (RISC)
RMI,
see
Remote method invocation (RMI)
ROM,
see
Read-only memory (ROM)
Roman numerical systems,
49
Row address strobe (RAS),
233
RPC,
see
Remote procedure call (RPC)
RS-232,
273
RTS,
see
Request to send (RTS)
RXD,
see
Receive data (RXD)
SaaS,
see
Software as a service (SaaS)
SAN,
see
Storage attached network (SAN)
Scan,
323
Scattering, and aspect-oriented architecture,
404
Scientific notation,
68
–
70
Scoreboarding,
165
–
177
SCSI,
see
Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI)
SDK,
see
Software development kits (SDK)
SDRAM,
see
Synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM)
Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI),
350
,
374
SECDED,
see
Single-error correction, double-error detection (SECDED)
Second-generation computers,
87
Seek time,
316
Segments,
220
–
225
Semiconductor chip,
see
Integrated circuit
Serial access,
311
Serial bus,
273
–
277
Servers,
89
–
90
Service-oriented architecture (SOA),
351
–
354
,
385
–
388
,
407
,
408
,
409
SETI,
see
Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI)
754 standard,
70
–
83
converting,
75
–
77
decimal numbers representations,
81
–
82
floating-point numbers
adding,
78
–
79
multiplying,
79
–
80
range of,
72
–
74
special numbers,
74
–
75
SGI,
see
Silicon Graphics, Inc (SGI)
Shadowing,
see
Redundant array of inexpensive disks (RAID), Level 1
Shared memory,
345
Shortest time first (STF),
322
–
323
Sieve of Eratosthenes,
127
–
128
“Sign and magnitude” method,
58
,
59
,
60
Significand,
68
Silicon Graphics, Inc (SGI),
139
,
140
SIMD,
see
Single instruction, multiple data stream (SIMD)
Simula,
380
Single-error correction, double-error detection (SECDED),
290
,
291
,
292
Single instruction, multiple data stream (SIMD),
341
–
342
,
343
Single instruction, single data stream (SISD),
341
Skype,
374
Slide rule,
3
Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI),
271
,
272
Smalltak,
380
Smart phones,
42
Software architectures,
367
–
412
additional,
405
–
410
aspect-oriented,
402
–
405
client/server,
369
–
370
common object request broker architecture (CORBA),
388
–
391
component object model (COM),
391
–
393
distributed COM (DCOM),
391
–
393
Java beans,
393
–
399
Java RMI,
393
–
399
Java 2 Enterprise Edition,
399
–
401
layered,
375
–
377
object-oriented,
380
–
384
peer-to-peer (P2P),
371
–
375
prearchitectural era,
368
–
369
service-oriented,
385
–
388
tier,
377
–
380
Software as a service (SaaS),
357
Software development kits (SDK),
42
Solid-state disk (SSD),
319
,
320
–
321
SPEC,
see
Standard Performance Evaluations Corporation (SPEC)
SPECmark,
129
SPICE,
129
Split transaction,
260
SRAM,
see
Static RAM (SRAM)
SSD,
see
Solid-state disk (SSD)
Stack-based architecture,
99
–
103
Stack segment,
222
Standardization processes,
406
Standard Performance Evaluations Corporation (SPEC),
129
,
131
Static arbitrary decision,
178
Static RAM (SRAM),
190
,
232
Static weaving,
405
Storage,
311
–
340
access algorithms,
322
–
325
devices,
311
–
312
disk
capacity,
318
–
319
controller,
325
–
327
speed,
316
–
318
structure,
312
–
316
network attached storage (NAS),
338
performance enhancements,
319
–
320
redundant array of inexpensive disks,
327
–
336
solid-state disk (SSD),
320
–
321
storage attached network (SAN),
336
–
338
Storage attached network (SAN),
336
–
338
Stored program model,
9
,
10
Striping,
see
Redundant array of inexpensive disks (RAID), Level 0
Sun Microsystems,
26
,
38
,
140
,
280
,
338
,
393
,
397
,
399
Supercomputers,
89
Super-pipeline,
177
Super-scalar processor,
177
Swap,
225
–
226
Swing,
397
Symbolic programming languages,
87
Synchronous bus,
260
Synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM),
227
,
234
System bus,
264
Tabulating Machines Company,
6
,
7
Tangling, and aspect-oriented architecture,
404
Task scheduling,
192
TCO,
see
Total cost of ownership (TCO)
TCP,
see
Transmission control protocol (TCP)
Texas Instruments,
88
Thick client architecture,
37
,
40
,
41
Thin client architecture,
37
,
39
,
40
Third-generation computers,
87
–
88
Thrashing,
220
,
226
Three-tier architecture,
38
,
400
,
401
Tier architecture,
377
–
380
Time
,
18
Time sharing,
192
TLB,
see
Translation lookaside buffer (TLB)
Total cost of ownership (TCO),
29
,
31
TP,
see
Transaction processing (TP) monitor
TPC,
see
Transaction Processing Performance Council (TPC)
TPS,
see
Transactions per second (TPS)
Transaction Processing Performance Council (TPC),
130
Transaction processing (TP) monitor,
38
,
39
Transactions per second (TPS),
118
Transistor,
8
,
11
,
87
Translation lookaside buffer (TLB),
250
,
251
Translation process,
225
Transmission control protocol (TCP),
389
Transmit data (TXD),
275
Two bits prediction algorithm,
181
Two-tier architecture,
37
,
400
TXD,
see
Transmit data (TXD)
UMA,
see
Uniform memory access (UMA)
Unified modeling language (UML),
381
,
383
Uniform memory access (UMA),
253
Universal Computer (UNIVAC I),
87
University of Pennsylvania,
8
Unix-to-Unix copy (UUCP),
371
Unmarshaling,
392
Use cases model,
381
Usenet,
371
U.S. Ninth Circuit Court,
372
VAX computer,
129
Vector computers,
343
,
344
Vertical partitioning,
379
Virtual address,
208
,
211
Virtualization,
360
–
364
Virtual memory,
205
–
215
Virtual private network,
356
Voice-over-Internet Protocol (VoIP),
374
von Neumann, John,
9
von Neumann architecture,
9
–
11
,
91
,
92
,
148
,
185
Wall Clock Time,
see
Elapsed time
WAN,
see
Wide area network (WAN)
Washington Post
,
357
WAW,
see
Write after write (WAW)
Web crawlers,
370
Web services,
351
–
355
WebSphere,
410
Weicker, Reinhold P.,
128
Weighted arithmetic mean,
132
Whetstone benchmark,
128
Wide area network (WAN),
22
,
36
Winchester disks,
318
Windows, Microsoft,
32
Workstations,
90
World Internet Stats,
27
Woven classes,
404
Write after read (WAR),
157
,
158
Write after write (WAW),
158
Write back,
93
W3C,
407
Xerox,
380
XOR,
see
Exclusive OR (XOR)
Zone bit recording (ZBR),
314
,
319
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