Comparativetypolog y

The room had already been lived in. - Хонада алла=ачон яшалаётган эди.

The chairs had once been sat in. - Стулларда бир ва=тлар ытирилган экан.
As to the voice system of the Uzbek language, it rather intricate as the Uzbek verbs are more flective than their English counterparts. The Uzbek verbs distinguish five voices: ани=лик нисбати (active voice), ызлик нисбати (reflexive voice), орттирма нисбат (causative voice), биргалик нисбати (reciprocal voice) and мажщул нисбат (passive voice).

As has been mentioned above Uzbek ани=лик нисбати fully corresponds to the English active voice, i.e. it is formed from the pure stem of the finite verb.

e.g.: Мен буни инкор =иламан. - I deny that.
Uzbek ызлик нисбати is formed by adding the suffixes -ин to the stem of the mainly transitive verbs after that they become intransitive ones.

Uzbek	Uzbek	English
Transitive	Intransitive	Transitive
арт-мо=	арт-ин-мо=*	to dry oneself
юв-мо=	юв-ин-мо=*	to wash oneself
беза-мо=	беза-н-мо=*	to decorate oneself
сык-мо-=	сык-ин-мо=*	to curse oneself

In these examples marked (*) members of the opposition are used in the ызлик нисбати which corresponds to the English reflexive voice, where the subject of the action is at the same time is an object acted upon.

e.g.; -Эрта тонгда туриб яхшилаб ювиндим, хафсала билан артиндим, сынгра эринмай =ириндим, чунки ишга жойлашиш учун бугун мущим сущбатдан ытишим керак эди.

- I got up early morning and washed myself (had a good shower), dried myself and then I shaved myself properly as I had a very important job interview today.

The Uzbek орттирма нисбат (causative voice) is formed by adding suffixes:

Suffixes	Examples
-дир(тир)	ёз-дир-мо=, кул-дир-мо=, айт-тир-мо=
-газ(-гиз, -\из, -=аз, -=из, -киз-мо=)	кыр-газ-мо=, юр-гиз-мо=, ыт-каз-мо=, ёт-=из-мо=, кет-киз-мо=
-т	ы=и-т-мо=, сыра-т-мо=, ишла-т-мо=
-из	эм-измо=, о=-из-мо=, том-из-мо=
-ир	уч-ир-мо-, оч-ир-мо=
-ар	чи=-ар-мо=, =айт-ар-мо=

In English causation can be expressed syntactically i.e. by means of the following verbs in combination with other parts of speech: to make, to cause, to force, to have, to get, etc.

e.g.: That makes me tremble for her happiness. (=алтира-т-ади).

She made me put on my coat. (...кий-дирди).

I was made to put on my coat. (...кий-дир-ишди).

I had my room whitewashed (...о=ла-ттир-дим)

I got him rewrite my paper (...ёз-дир-дим).

Uzbek биргалик нисбати (reciprocal voice) is formed by adding the suffixes -ш, -иш to the stem of the verb and it denotes that the action expressed by the predicate verb is performed by more than one person. In English such a notion is expressed syntactically, i.e. by means of the reciprocal pronouns ‘each other, one another in combination with the predicate verb.

e.g.: I knew that my two aunts bitterly disliked each other. (...бир бирини ылгудай ёмон кыришарди)

They were always kissing one another a lot in public. (...роса ыпишишарди)

Uzbek мажщул нисбати corresponds to the English passive voice and denotes that subject of the action is acted upon. The main difference between them is in the fact that in Uzbek sometimes intransitive verbs denoting a human action can be used in the passive voice, such as бор-мо=, юр-мо=, ет-мо= etc.

e.g.: Бу ердан вокзалгача ярим соат чамаси пиёда юр-ил-ади, кейин

муюлишда автобусга чи=-ил-ади.

Расми ёмон хотиндан =оч-ил-ади, замона шум былса, яхши хотиндан щам

=очар экан, киши. (А.+ащщор)