Comparativetypolog y

Independent elements are words which are characterised by their peculiar meanings of various kinds. (yes, no, certainly, oh, alas, etc.) They usually have no grammatical connections with the sentence in which they occur, i.e. they do not perform any syntactic function in the sentence. E.g.: They certainly will come to the party.

Sometimes independent elements can even serve as sentences themselves. E.g.: Yes., No., Alas.

Independent class of words include: modal words, interjections, words of affirmation & negation.

It is noteworthy that the division of words into parts of speech can be accepted only with certain reservations; there are words which cannot be classed among any of the above mentioned parts of speech (such as please, anyway, щар =алай, марщамат, etc.)