Comparative typology of morphological systems: noun and its grammatical categories in Modern english

Janina Buetkiene

Comparative matrix of grammatical categories of the noun in ME and MU (MR)

№	LANGUAGE	F E A T U R E S
		Number	Case	Gender	Animate/ inanimate
	English	+	+(2)	-	-
	Uzbek	+	+(6)	-	-
	Russian	+	+(6)	+	+

№	LANGUAGE	GENDER TYPES
		masculine	Ferminine	neutral
	English	-	-	-
	Uzbek	-	-	-
	Russian	+	+	+

The category of gender of nouns in ME, MU and MR

There are differences between the languages under discussion:

In English and Uzbek the category of gender is a semantic category and not a grammatical one like that of Russian:

It is important to know that in the languages of the world there are three ways of expressing gender of nouns:

• Morphological
• Lexical
• Syntactical

Out of these three possibilities Russian uses all the three ways, but English and Uzbek use only two, that is lexical and syntactic ways, and never use the morphological way: tiger –tigeress, poet poetess; rais – raisa, olim - olima etc are old English and Uzbek words, at present the “ –ess/-a” have become non productive.

• Out of these three possibilities Russian uses all the three ways, but English and Uzbek use only two, that is lexical and syntactic ways, and never use the morphological way: tiger –tigeress, poet poetess; rais – raisa, olim - olima etc are old English and Uzbek words, at present the “ –ess/-a” have become non productive.
• So in comparing the gender systems of the three languages Russian may serve as an etalon language.

Grammatical category of number

• What is typologically important is that the compared languages use different means of expressing the category of number. But not a single of them has to resort to the way of forming the plural of nouns by repeating the word twice like the Indonesian language does( like bahasi-bahasi).

№	LANGUAGE	WAYS OF EXPRESSING NUMBER
		Sound alter nation	Keeping the root as it is	Synthetic (affixal)
	English	+	+	+
2	Uzbek	-	-	+
3	Russian	+	+	+

Examples:

Synthetic (affixal)

Boy-boys

Tree -trees

Bola-bolalar

Kitob-kitoblar

Мальчик-мальчики

Sound alternation

Man-men

Mouse-mice

-

Время-времена

Племя-племена

Keeping the root as it is

Fish-fish

Sheep-sheep

-

Метро-метро

Радио-радио

The category of case of nouns in Modern English, Uzbek and Russian

№	LANGUAGE	CASE TYPES
		common	Possessie/genetive	Dative	accusative	Instrumental	Prepositional	Locative-temporative	Ablative (exit)
	English	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	-
	Uzbek	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	+
	Russian	+	+	+	+	+	+	-	-

English

Common

boy

Genitive

Boy`s

Uzbek

Bosh

(common)

bola

Qaratqich

(possessive)

bolaning

Jo`nalish

(dative)

bolaga

Tushum

(accusative)

bolani

O`rin-payt

(locative)

Bolada

Chiqish

(ablative)

boladan

Russian

Common

(именительный)

мальчик

Possessive

(родительный)

мальчика

Dative

(дательный)

мальчику

Accusative

(винительный)

мальчика

Instrumental

(творительный)

мальчиком

Prepositional

(предложный)

О мальчике

"How can English express case relations other than common and possessive/ genetive"?

English has prepositions which compensate the lacking case forms, word order also functioning as such in the needed cases:

Men Jimga xat yubordim

I sent a letter to Jim -or

I sent Jim a letter

References:

• Comparative typology of English and Mother Tongue, Lecture materials, PhD G’.M.Hoshimov, Andizhan 2017-2018
• Грамматика английского языка, В.Л.Каушанская, Р.Л.Ковнер, 4-е издание, Ленинград 1973
• Comparative typology of The English, Uzbek and Russian languages, M.I.Rasulova, Z.I.Shukurova, Tashkent 2017
• https://ppt-online.org