Collins Cobuild

participle, used to refer to past events which continue in the present;
eg We have been sitting here for hours.
See Units
58
,
60
–
61
,
63
‘that’-clause
a clause starting with ‘that’, used mainly when reporting
what someone has said; eg She said that she’d wash up for me
.
See Units
33
–
34
,
76
–
77
,
95

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third person
see
person
.
time clause
a subordinate clause which indicates the time of an event;
eg I’ll phone you when I get back.
See Unit
96
time  expression
 a  noun  group  used  as  an  adverbial  of  time;  eg  last
night, the day after tomorrow, the next time.
See Unit
40
‘to’-infinitive
the base form of a verb preceded by ‘to’; eg to go, to have,
to jump.
See Units
11
,
33
–
34
,
65
,
70
–
73
,
76
–
77
,
79
,
82
,
91
,
95
,
97
–
98
transitive  verb
 a  verb  which  takes  an  object;  eg  She’s  wasting  her
money. Compare with
intransitive verb
.
See Unit
51
uncountable noun
another name for
uncount noun
.
uncount noun
a noun which has only one form, takes a singular verb,
and  is  not  used  with  ‘a’  or  numbers.  Uncount  nouns  often  refer  to
substances,  qualities,  feelings,  activities,  and  abstract  ideas;  eg  coal,
courage, anger, help, fun.
See Units
15
,
24
,
27
,
29
–
30
verb
 a  word  which  is  used  with  a  subject  to  say  what  someone  or
something does, or what happens to them; eg sing, spill, die.
See Units
3
–
4
,
10
,
49
–
65
,
69
–
78
verb group
a main verb, or a main verb with one or more auxiliaries, a
modal, or a modal and an auxiliary, which is used with a subject to
say what someone does, or what happens to them; eg I’ll show them…
She’s been sick.
See Units
1
,
3
,
5
,
11
–
12
,
57
,
79
‘wh’-question
 a  question  which  expects  the  answer  to  give  more
information than just ‘yes’ or ‘no’; eg What happened next?… Where did
he go? Compare with
‘yes/no’-question
.
See Units
5
–
6
,
9
,
75
‘wh’-word
one of a group of words starting with ‘wh–’, such as ‘what’,
‘when’ or ‘who’, which are used in ‘wh’–questions. ‘How’ is also called
a ‘wh’–word because it behaves like the other ‘wh’–words.

---

See Units
5
–
6
,
70
,
75
,
77
,
92
–
93
‘yes/no’-question
 a  question  which  can  be  answered  by  just  ‘yes’  or
‘no’,  without  giving  any  more  information;  eg  Would  you  like  some
more tea? Compare with
‘wh’-question
.
See Units
5
,
7
,
10
,
75

---

IRREGULAR VERBS
INFINITIVE
PAST TENSE
PAST PARTICIPLE
arise
arose
arisen
awake
awoke
awoken
be
was, were
been
bear
bore
born(e)
beat
beat
beaten
begin
began
begun
bend
bent
bent
bet
bet, betted
bet, betted
bind
bound
bound
bite
bit
bitten
bleed
bled
bled
blow
blew
blown
break
broke
broken
breed
bred
bred
bring
brought
brought
build
built
built
burn
burnt, burned
burnt, burned
burst
burst
burst
buy
bought
bought
can
could
(been able)

---

cast
cast
cast
catch
caught
caught
choose
chose
chosen
cling
clung
clung
come
came
come
cost
cost
cost
creep
crept
crept
cut
cut
cut
deal
dealt
dealt
dig
dug
dug
do (does)
did
done
draw
drew
drawn
dream
dreamed, dreamt
dreamed, dreamt
drink
drank
drunk
drive
drove
driven
eat
ate
eaten
fall
fell
fallen
feed
fed
fed
feel
felt
felt
fight
fought
fought
find
found
found
fling
flung
flung
fly
flew
flown
forbid
forbad(e)
forbidden

---

forecast
forecast
forecast
forget
forgot
forgotten
forgive
forgave
forgiven
freeze
froze
frozen
get
got
got, (US) gotten
give
gave
given
go (goes)
went
gone
grind
ground
ground
grow
grew
grown
hang
hung
hung
hang (execute)
hanged
hanged
have
had
had
hear
heard
heard
hide
hid
hidden
hit
hit
hit
hold
held
held
hurt
hurt
hurt
keep
kept
kept
kneel
knelt, kneeled
knelt, kneeled
know
knew
known
lay
laid
laid
lead
led
led
lean
leant, leaned
leant, leaned
leap
leapt, leaped
leapt, leaped

---

learn
learnt, learned
learnt, learned
leave
left
left
lend
lent
lent
let
let
let
lie (lying)
lay
lain
light
lit, lighted
lit, lighted
lose
lost
lost
make
made
made
may
might
–
mean
meant
meant
meet
met
met
mistake
mistook
mistaken
mow
mowed
mown, mowed
must
(had to)
(had to)
pay
paid
paid
put
put
put
quit
quit, quitted
quit, quitted
read
read
read
rid
rid
rid
ride
rode
ridden
ring
rang
rung
rise
rose
risen
run
ran
run
saw
sawed
sawed, sawn

---

say
said
said
see
saw
seen
sell
sold
sold
send
sent
sent
set
set
set
sew
sewed
sewn
shake
shook
shaken
shear
sheared
shorn, sheared
shed
shed
shed
shine
shone
shone
shoot
shot
shot
show
showed
shown
shrink
shrank
shrunk
shut
shut
shut
sing
sang
sung
sink
sank
sunk
sit
sat
sat
sleep
slept
slept
slide
slid
slid
sling
slung
slung
slit
slit
slit
smell
smelt, smelled
smelt, smelled
sow
sowed
sown, sowed
speak
spoke
spoken

---

speed
sped, speeded
sped, speeded
spell
spelt, spelled
spelt, spelled
spend
spent
spent
spill
spilt, spilled
spilt, spilled
spin
spun
spun
spit
spat
spat
spoil
spoiled, spoilt
spoiled, spoilt
spread
spread
spread
spring
sprang
sprung
stand
stood
stood
steal
stole
stolen
stick
stuck
stuck
sting
stung
stung
stink
stank
stunk
stride
strode
stridden
strike
struck
struck
swear
swore
sworn
sweep
swept
swept
swell
swelled
swollen, swelled
swim
swam
swum
swing
swung
swung
take
took
taken
teach
taught
taught
tear
tore
torn

---

tell
told
told
think
thought
thought
throw
threw
thrown
thrust
thrust
thrust
tread
trod
trodden
wake
woke, waked
woken, waked
wear
wore
worn
weave
wove
woven
weep
wept
wept
win
won
won
wind
wound
wound
wring
wrung
wrung
write
wrote
written

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Document Outline

• Title Page
• Copyright
• Introduction
• Contents
• List of Units
• Units 1–102
• Glossary of Grammar Terms
• Irregular Verbs Tables