Cognitive Linguistics

Structure of Concept can also be metaphorically compared with an iceberg.
The top of it will be presented with a linguistic name or lexical representative (how a concept can be called with a means of a language; or how it can be materialized with the means of a language in a social communicative process or in a literary text).
The core of ‘iceberg’ (through the whole ‘iceberg’) will concentrate individual personal (or group) cognitive-affective subjective notion of a fragment of reality. The more fundamental for an individual or for a group it will be, the deeper ‘underwater’ / consciousness it will inhabit.
Around-core or periphery zone will include different associative meanings related to the core.
For example: Truth / Lie; Life; Man / Woman; “Cat in the Rain”, any other examples from our practical classes.

6. 
   Classification of concepts: principles of distinguishing and classifying types of concepts in Occidental and Home cognitive linguistic study; types of concepts in Occidental and in Home classifications.
   

Being complex multisided phenomenon Concept can present, being verbalized, different shades of knowledge contained in that and various shades of reflected reality. Thus, referring to different fragments of reality, concepts can form definite classes of concepts united on the principle of paradigmatic similarity.

Classification of concepts in Home and Occidental Cognitive Linguistics differs as each grounds their approaches on different paradigmatic similarities: Home Cognitive Linguistics bases classification on the principle of semantic similarity, whereas Occidental – on the principle of analytical similarity.
Home classification distinguishes types of concepts as follows:
1. Concept of space, time and matter (e.g. infinity, eternity, substance, etc).
2. C. of natural phenomena (e.g. rain, sky, light, etc.).
3. C. of Man \ Human understanding (e.g. fool, creator, eccentric, etc.).
4. C. of social notions, laws and relationships (e.g. freedom, war, friendship, society, etc.).
5. C. of morality (e.g. truth, lie, goodness, evil, etc.).
6. C. of emotional sphere (e.g. happiness, joy, entertainment, grief, sorrow, etc.).
7. Concepts-artifacts (an object that is made by a person, especially sth of historical or cultural interest) (e.g. house, wheel, computer, etc.).

Occidental classification distinguishes types of concepts as follows:

1. Concept-scheme: when in the language meaning of a concept its form or structure is emphasized (e.g. computer, bow and arrow, etc.).
2. Concept-frame: when language conceptual information is presented like a shot, a picture (e.g. wedding, dinner, funeral, New Year, etc.).
3. Concept-scenario: what is happening is presented; the concept becomes a motive in personal activity (e.g. honesty, motherhood, etc.).
4. Concept-script: what will happen can be predicted; expectations (e.g. crime (punishment as a variant of response), disease (death as a variant of response), mistake (experience as a variant of response), etc.).

Existence of different approaches does not mean though that a concept cannot be interpreted from the point of view of both principles, both classifications.

For example:
Wheel: as a concept-artifact on the ground of Home classification #1, and a concept-scheme from the point of view of Occidental classification.
Guilt: as a concept of emotional sphere (Home) and a concept-script (Occidental).

7. 
   Theoretical Method of Metaphor in cognitive linguistic research: the authors; principle of interpreting Concept as a metaphor; comparing Metaphor and Concept.
   

Method (Approach) of Metaphor (Western approach of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson) treats Concept as a peculiar metaphor with a series of transferred meanings kept in it.
A method of Metaphor was the first scientific approach to comprehending concept introduced by the American scientists G. Lakoff and M. Johnson. Since then the method has been taken in consideration more or less by all the scientists in the field of cognitive research.