Cognitive Linguistics

Essence: Concept here is treated as a peculiar metaphor with a series of transferred meanings kept in it; analysis and interpretation of them can help to understand and explain the content and function of Concept.


Metaphor in stylistics is one of the basic figures of quality; metaphor is based upon the similarity of some objects; it is a result of transference of the name of one object to another. As for their essence and the degree of stylistic potential, metaphors are classified into nominational, cognitive and imaginative (figurative).
Nominational metaphor does not render any stylistic information. It intends to name an object, thing or phenomenon of the objective world.
For example: the foot of the hill, the arm of the chair.
Cognitive metaphor is formed when an object obtains a quality which is typical of another object.
For example: The shore was drawing in the fog. A witty idea has come to me. One more day has died.
Imaginative (figurative) metaphor is occasional and individual, in comparison with nominational and cognitive which can be used in every day speech quite often. It is bright, imagine-bearing, picturesque and poetic.
For example: Patricia’s eyes were pools of still water. If there is enough rain, the land will shout with grass.
Proprieties of all the mentioned types of metaphor are taken into consideration when studying concept as a metaphor:

1. 
   lexical representative of concept intends to name an object, thing or phenomenon of the objective world
   

e.g.: concept ‘Rain’ implies a natural phenomenon of rain (as for Home classification it is referred to the type of concepts of Natural phenomena; as for Occidental classification it is a type of Concept-scheme).
It is known and understood by the representatives of a culture and is one of the concepts in the system of Cultural Picture of the World (Conceptual and Language);

2. 
   concept includes not only meanings which are characteristic to its lexical representative but also obtains qualities which are typical of other objects or phenomena
   

e.g.: the concept ‘Rain’ is not only understood as ‘water that falls from the clouds in separate drops’ (Oxford Dictionary for Advanced Learners) i.e. natural phenomena, but also is quite often associated with human emotional state: melancholy, sadness, blue, etc.
It also is a unit of the World Picture of a culture;

3. 
   concept can contain occasional and individual understandings of a phenomenon or an object dependently on whose Picture of the World it presents
   

e.g.: the concept ‘Rain’ in the E.Hemingway’s work ‘Cat in the Rain’ implies not only a natural phenomena and not only the emotional state of the American wife, the main character, but also symbolizes routine of life. In the V.Woolf’s work ‘Kew Gardens’ the concept ‘Rain’ obtains the characteristics of cleaning waters / washing waters whose propriety is to renew the life and also the characteristics of the mirror that reflects the life in its motion.
It is peculiar associative understanding of a phenomenon by an individual and thus is a representative of the World Picture of a certain individual.
Thus, concept is a phenomenon full with lots of commonly used in a culture understandings and individually formed associations; it includes a great number of meanings – lexical, connotative, notional, figurative, transferred, symbolic and associative.

8. 
   Associative Method in the research of Cognitive Linguistics: the essence of the method; procedure of the associative experiment; results value.
   

Essence:
Method of psychology, psycholinguistics; introduced on the first steps of empirical psychological research by V.Vundt: the study of semantics which is differentiated as objective semantics (which is fixed in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books) and subjective (associative meanings of people as peculiarities of their perception of the phenomena which have their linguistic names; i.e. responses (associations) to the stimuli (lexical representatives of the phenomena)).