Child Psychology and Psychiatry


Paediatric psychopharmacology: special considerations



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066 Child Psychology and Psychiatry

291


Paediatric psychopharmacology: special considerations
Table 46.3
(continued)
Drug
Precautions
Side effects
Antipsychotic medication
FGAs:
haloperidol,
chlorpromazine
Monitor movement
disorders at baseline and
regularly during
treatment
Extrapyramidal side effects
such as
tardive dyskinesia are more common in
FGAs. Aripiprazole and clozapine are
useful in those who require antipsychotics
but have developed tardive dyskinesia
SGAs
: risperidone,
olanzapine, quetiapine,
aripiprazole, ziprasidone,
clozapine
Monitor weight, waist
circumference, and BMI
at baseline and every 6
weeks; serum prolactin,
fasting lipids, fasting
cholesterol, fasting
glucose, and liver
function tests at baseline
and every 6 months. Be
cautious if there is a
family history of obesity,
dyslipidaemia,
early-onset
hypertension,
cardiovascular disease,
cerebrovascular accident
or diabetes
Hyperprolactinaemia:
common with
risperidone and FGAs
Risk of weight gain and metabolic
dysfunction:
High—clozapine, olanzapine
Moderate—risperidone, quetiapine
Low—amisulpride, aripiprazole,
ziprasidone
Treatment of SGA-induced metabolic
dysfunction:
preventive healthy lifestyle
counselling; regular monitoring of body
weight and metabolic variables;
cognitive-behavioural therapy and
motivational interviewing to address
unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and
smoking; metformin therapy may become
necessary in severe cases
FGA, first-generation antipsychotic; MED, minimum effective dose; NRI, norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; SGA,
second-generation antipsychotic; SNRI, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; SSRI, selective serotonin
reuptake inhibitor.

A black box warning exists as a result of analyses showing more frequent suicidal ideation in clinical trials of
children treated with atomoxetine [10].

In December 2003, the Committee on Safety of Medicines concluded that the evidence was adequate to establish
effectiveness only for fluoxetine in the treatment of depressive illness in children and adolescents, and advised
against the use of the other SSRIs [11]. The US Food and Drug Administration has insisted on black box warnings
for all SSRIs regarding the possibility of suicide-related behaviour as a side effect in children [12].

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