Child Psychology and Psychiatry



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066 Child Psychology and Psychiatry

Environmental influences
In general, samples of children with SLI contain
disproportionately high numbers of individuals
from
socioeconomically
disadvantaged
back-
grounds. This could be interpreted as an outcome
of disadvantage or as a consequence of intrafamil-
ial transmission, or as due to some more complex
interaction. Overall, present evidence supports
the assumption of multicausality.
WHAT TYPES OF LANGUAGE DIFFICULTIES
DO CHILDREN WITH SLI HAVE?
The heterogeneity of SLI is widely recognized.
A number of different classification systems have
been devised. The more enduring clinical types dif-
ferentiate children with only ‘expressive’ language
problems versus children with both ‘expressive and
receptive’ difficulties.

Expressive SLI (E-SLI):
Children exhibit mainly
language production difficulties in the context of
adequate comprehension abilities. Subtle com-
prehension deficits, however, can be detected
when using sufficiently sensitive instruments.

Mixed expressive-receptive SLI (ER-SLI):
Chil-
dren have difficulties with both language com-
prehension and language production. Difficulties
are usually evident at the word (vocabulary) and
sentential levels, especially complex sentences.
These two types of SLI are recognized by
DSM-IV-TR [6], ICD-10 (
ICD-10 International
Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disor-
ders in Children and Adolescents
) [7], and the
clinical research definition of SLI. However, it is
not clear if these profiles of impairment are quali-
tatively different or represent different points on a
continuum of severity, with ER-SLI representing
the more severe cases. More recently, a third clin-
ical type has received attention. This is children
in whom the social use of language, that is, prag-
matic abilities, is the most prominent difficulty.
Vocabulary and grammar can be relatively strong,
that is, sentences may appear well formed, but
comprehension of extended discourse is usually
poor and social interactions can be odd (verbose
or overformal with poor turntaking skills). These
children are currently referred to as having prag-
matic language impairment (PLI). There is debate
regarding the overlap between PLI and autism
spectrum disorders (ASD).

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