Diagnostic classification: current dilemmas and possible solutions
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Diagnostic Classification: Current
Dilemmas and Possible Solutions
Eric Taylor
Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
WHAT’S NEW
•
A draft for the DSM-5 classification
scheme has been prepared and posted
on the internet.
•
It provides more developmental
considerations, such as psychosis risk
and adult ADHD.
•
There are some new categories of
particular relevance to child psychiatry,
including temper dysregulation,
non-suicidal self-injury and a
callous-unemotional type of conduct
disorder.
Developments in classification can sometimes have
a major impact on the clinical world. The
Diag-
nostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,
Third Edition
(DSM-III) and
International Clas-
sification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders in
Children and Adolescents, Ninth Revision
(ICD-9)
were both great steps forward for the ability of
clinicians to communicate effectively with each
other and the world of research. Inter-rater relia-
bility started to be good enough for effective audit,
sharing of clinical lessons and establishing research
series [1]. The revised third edition of DSM (DSM-
III-R) and DSM-IV refined the process, added new
categories and responded to research findings [2].
ICD-10 came into greater harmony with DSM and
Child Psychology and Psychiatry: Frameworks for practice
, Second Edition. Edited by David Skuse, Helen Bruce,
Linda Dowdney and David Mrazek.
2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
developed algorithmic criteria for research pur-
poses. They were not, however, conceptual leaps
forward. Revisions into DSM-5 and ICD-11 are
now underway, so it is timely to consider what they
have to achieve.
The next big conceptual advance in clas-
sification is likely to be the establishment of
pathophysiologically grounded diagnoses. We
aspire to use advances in neuroscience to establish
psychiatric illnesses that can be assessed objec-
tively and treated rationally. Some might argue
that the time for this has come. Should we use our
knowledge – for instance of dopamine changes in
schizophrenia, or frontal and striatal underacti-
vation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD) – to redefine conditions in a way that
would allow diagnosis by neuroimaging? The
answer must be ‘not yet’. Our neurobiological
knowledge is based on group studies; within
groups there is considerable heterogeneity and
between diagnostic groups there is considerable
overlap. The implications for individual diagnosis
will need better understanding before a radical
change is feasible.
The groups working on DSM-5 include some
whose purpose is to consider whether a prelim-
inary regrouping of disorders is feasible on the
basis of present neuroscience knowledge. Should
we, for instance, group ADHD with the disor-
ders of addiction on the basis of neurochem-
istry, rather than with disruptive behaviour dis-
orders on the basis of longitudinal course, or
with neurodevelopmental disorders on the basis
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