Child Psychology and Psychiatry



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066 Child Psychology and Psychiatry

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
The symptom overlap between ADHD and
EOBPD can create diagnostic problems, partic-
ularly in the young, where there are high rates
of comorbidity – 60–90% according to some
[14]. However, the symptoms of grandiosity,
elated mood, flight of ideas and decreased need
for sleep reliably differentiate the two. Bipolar
disorder can be associated with a sudden onset of
severe behavioural disturbance. Such disturbance
contrasts with the usually longer-standing conduct
disorder. A family history of affective disorder
rather than conduct or personality disorder may
aid diagnosis. In children, mood instability, and
irritability associated with pervasive develop-
mental disorders need to be noted [15], while
in adolescence affective instability seen in cases
of borderline personality disorder can cause
diagnostic confusion [16]. In the latter case there
may well be considerable overlap, with reports
of 15% of patients with bipolar disorder having
borderline personality disorder [17]. Psychosis
in adolescence, particularly if florid with mood-
incongruent hallucinations and thought disorder,
has been misdiagnosed as schizophrenia [18].
Factors in favour of a diagnosis of schizophrenia
include: premorbid personality abnormalities,
schizotypal personality disorder, a family history
of schizophrenia, and an insidious onset of
psychosis. Mania needs to be distinguished from
drug-induced states secondary to drug misuse or,
rarely, from medical treatments such as steroids.

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