Middle childhood
28
Childhood Behavioural Disorders
Graeme Lamb
Newham Child and Family Consultation Service, East London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
INTRODUCTION
Childhood
behavioural
disorders,
including
oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct
disorder (CD), continue to represent the most
commonly presenting disorders at community
child and adolescent mental health services [1,2].
Concern regarding childhood deviance is not a
recent development. Since the time of Plato, soci-
eties have struggled with how to understand and
manage the behaviour of out-of-control children,
with ongoing debate as to the responsibility and
culpability of children for their actions [3]. How-
ever, there is evidence that such disorders have
become significantly more common over the last
25 years [4], and this is reflected in the increasing
media and public concern around such behaviours.
DEFINITION
Oppositional defiant disorder refers to a pattern
of negative, hostile and defiant behaviour that is
clearly outside the normal range of behaviour for
a child of the same age and sociocultural context.
These behaviours include a variety of features
such as often losing one’s temper, arguing with
adults, refusing to comply with adults’ requests,
often being angry and spiteful, and deliberately
annoying others. Such children do not present
with more severe dissocial or aggressive acts [5].
In contrast, CD involves a repetitive and
persistent pattern of behaviour in which the basic
rights of others or major age-appropriate societal
norms are violated. Such behaviour includes
aggression to people and animals, destruction
Child Psychology and Psychiatry: Frameworks for practice
, Second Edition. Edited by David Skuse, Helen Bruce,
Linda Dowdney and David Mrazek.
2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
of property, deceitfulness or theft, and serious
violations of rules such as often staying out
overnight or running away from home [5].
SUBTYPING
Childhood behavioural disorders are categorized
in different ways in the two major diagnostic sys-
tems. In the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition – Text Revision
(DSM-IV), they are divided into childhood onset
(before age 10 years), adolescent onset (after age
10 years) and ODD [5]. In the
ICD-10 International
Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disor-
ders in Children and Adolescents
(ICD-10), similar
behavioural disorders are classified as socialized,
unsocialized, confined to the family context, and
ODD, reflecting the social context in which these
behaviours occur [6].
There has been considerable debate regarding
whether or not ODD and CD are distinct
disorders or simply represent a continuum of
increasingly challenging behaviours. Although
DSM-IV excludes a diagnosis of ODD in the
presence of CD, there is considerable symptom
overlap between the two groups. Most research
supports the distinction of oppositional behaviour
and covert delinquent behaviour, but it is not yet
clear whether aggression should be grouped with
either or represents a separate category of its own
[7]. Whilst some children will grow out of ODD, in
others it can be a precursor of CD, which in turn
can lead to the later development of antisocial
personality disorder [7].
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