Чет тиллар факультети инглиз тили ўҚитиш методикаси кафедраси

E.g. Hooked to Fig’s belt was a radio – his ever-present electronic IV bottle. /Dean Koontz False Memory/ (= the radio was an indispensable part of fig’s life) [37]
Personification is a kind of metaphor which provides a thing or phenomenon with features typical of a human being.
E.g. The ocean roared and pushed him close to shore. /John Lutz Blood Fire/ [43]
Metaphors, like all stylistic devices, can be classified according to their degree of unexpectedness. Thus, metaphors which are absolutely unexpected (quite unpredictable) are called genuine (or poetic); while those which are commonly used in speech and therefore fixed in dictionaries, are called trite(or dead) [4, p.141].
Trite metaphors are sometimes filled with new vigour. This is done by supplying the central image created by the metaphor with additional words, bearing some reference to the main word. Such metaphors are called sustained (or prolonged/extended)[4, p.142; 5, p.53]. Thus one should distinguish between a simple (or elementary) and a sustainedmetaphors.
E.g. Mr. Pickwick bottled up his vengeance and corked it down. /Ch. Dickens Pickwick Papers/ [4]
The verb to bottle up is explained in dictionaries as follows: “to keep in check”, “to conceal, to restrain”. The metaphor in the word can hardly be felt, but it is revived by the direct meaning of the verb to cork down/.
E.g. Joshua hadn’t plunged into full retirement yet, but he sat on the edge of it a lot, dangling his legs in a big pool of leisure time that he wished he had found and used his wife Cora was still alive. /Dean Koontz Whispers/ [40]
The principal metaphor may be called the central image of the sustained metaphor and the other words that bear reference to the central image – contributory images. Thus in the example given the word retirement is the central image, while its contributory images are hadn’t plunged, sat on the edge of it and pool of leisure time.
Metaphor is usually expressed by verbs, nouns, adverbs, etc.
METONYMY is a trope based not on identification, but on some kind of association connecting the two concepts, which these two meanings represent.
There are several types of association in metonymy:
1. The name of the container stands for the name of the thing contained: