Чет тиллар факультети инглиз тили ўҚитиш методикаси кафедраси

E.g. As a matter of fact, he was rather concerned about Marge – dear fat old Marge – who for so many years had been simply content to squat in front of the television and eat. /Jeckie Collins Sinners/ 12]
PARALLEL CONSTRUCTION (or parallelism) is a figure of speech based upon a recurrence of syntactically identical sequences that lexically are completely or partially different [5, p. 58].
E.g. There were, [...], real silver spoons to stir the tea with, and real china cups to drink it out of, and plates of the same to hold the cakes and toast in. /Dickens/ [4]
Partialparallel arrangement is the repetition of some part of successive sentences or clauses.
E.g.Our senses perceive no extremes. Too much sound deafens us; too much light dazzles us; too great distance or proximity hinders our view. [4]
Complete parallel arrangement, also called balance, is the repetition of identical structures throughout the corresponding sentences [4, p. 208].
E.g. And so, from hour to hour, we ripe and ripe,
And then, from hour to hour, we rot and rot. (Shakespeare) [4]
CHIASMUS (reversed parallel constructions) is a device based on the repetition of a syntactic pattern of two successive sentences or parts of a sentence, in which the word-order of one of the sentences is inverted as compared to that of the other.
E.g. I kissed her, she kissed back hard and passionate […] /Jonathan Kellerman The Web/ [26]
E.g. She seemed to care about him. And he certainly cared about her. /J. Collins Sinners/ [12]
Chiasmus helps to lay stress on the second part of the utterance, which is opposed in structure. Chiasmus can appear only when there are two successive or coordinate parts of a sentence [4, p. 209].
REPETITION is an EMs based upon a repeated occurrence of one and the same word or word-group [5, p. 59]. It is used when the speaker is under the stress of strong emotion.
E.g. «Stop!» - she cried. «Don’t tell me! I don’t want to hear; I don’t want to hear what you’ve come for. I don’t want to hear.» [4]
Here repetition is not a stylistic device; it is a means by which the excited state of the speaker’s mind is shown. As a figure of speech repetition aims at logical emphasis to fix the attention of the reader on the key-word of the utterance [4, p.211].
E.g. For that was it! Ignorant of the long stealthy march of passion, and of the state of which it had reduced Fleur; ignorant of how Soames had watched her, ignorant of Fleur’s reckless desperation...- ignorant of all this, everybody felt aggrieved. /Galsworthy/ [4]
Repetition is classified according to compositional patterns [4, p. 212; 5, p. 59-60]:
· Anaphora - the repeated word comes at the beginning of two or more sentences. (e.g. above)
· Epiphora - the repeated unit is placed at the end of the consecutive sentences.
E.g. I am exactly the man to be placed in a superior position in such a case as that. I am above the rest of mankind, in such a case as that. I can act with philosophy in such a case as that. /Dickens/ [4]
· Framing - repetition arranged in the form of a frame: the initial parts of a syntactic unit, in most cases of a paragraph, are repeated at the end of it.
E.g. Poor doll’s dressmaker! How often so dragged down by hands that should have raised her up; how often so misdirected when losing her way on the eternal road and asking guidance. Poor, little doll’s dressmaker. /Dickens/ [4]
· Anadiplosis (or linking, or catch repetition) - the last word or phrase of one part of an utterance is repeated at the beginning of the next part, thus hooking the two parts together.
E.g. Freeman and slave... carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary re-constitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes. /Marx, Engels/ [4]
· Chain-repetition - the catch repetition used several times.
E.g. A smile would come into Mr. Pickwick’s face: the smile extended into a laugh: the laugh into a roar, and the roar became general. /Dickens/ [4]