Chapter II. Parts of speech and its types

Classification of parts of speech in English

According to their semantic content, syntactic role in a sentence and morphological features, words are divided into categories called parts of speech.

The following parts of speech are distinguished in English:

1. Noun 7 Modal words

2. Adjective 8. Preposition
3. Numeral 9. Union
4. Pronoun 10. Particle
5. Verb 11. Article
6. Adverb 12. Interjection
As part of the parts of speech, independent (significant) parts of speech and service parts of speech are distinguished.
Independent parts of speech serve to designate objects, phenomena, qualities, actions and states, signs of these actions and states, or express the attitude of the speaker to the expressed thought. The independent parts of speech include nouns, adjectives, numerals, verbs and adverbs. Words that point to objects and their attributes, but do not designate them, also adjoin here. Such words are called places of misunderstanding. Independent parts of speech are members of the sentence [3].
The independent parts of speech also include modal words that express the attitude of the speaker to the expressed thought and act in the sentence in the syntactic function of the introductory member of the sentence or the word-sentence.
Service parts of speech do not denote objects, phenomena, qualities, actions, etc. Unlike independent parts of speech, they convey various connections and relationships between words (prepositions), between words or between sentences (conjunctions) or define words and groups words to which they refer, giving them different shades of meaning (particles), indicating that the word belongs to a certain part of speech (article).
Service words are not members of a sentence and do not form sentences. Interjections are a special part of speech that does not apply to either independent or auxiliary parts of speech. Interjections express various feelings and impulses, but do not name them. Interjections are not members of a sentence and do not convey syntactic links between words in a sentence [3].
A noun is a significant part of speech that has the meaning of objectivity. Objectivity is a grammatical meaning, by virtue of which verbal units - the names of both proper objects and non-objects (abstract concepts, actions, properties, etc.) - function in the language in a similar way to the names of proper objects. Word-building means of verbal, adjective nouns create an opportunity for the names of states, properties, qualities, etc. to function syntactically along with the names of objects: movement, strangeness, activity. These formations are called syntactic derivatives. Their morphological functioning is in many cases limited: not all syntactic derivatives are able to participate in the morphological categories of the name. This is one of the most important features of the field structure of a noun[4].
Nouns are divided into common nouns and proper nouns. Common nouns are a generalized name for any object they denote: river can refer to any river, dog to any dog, pleasure to any sensation of pleasure.
Proper names, in contrast, do not have a generalizing conceptual content; they are the name, the nickname of individual individual creatures or objects, they are assigned specifically to this individual, but do not apply to other similar phenomena.
Since nouns objectively name any phenomena of linguistic reality, they are represented by a wide variety of lexical groups. Interacting with grammatical categories, these groups create a branched field structure of the noun.
The set of morphological grammatical categories of a noun is very poor. Undoubtedly there is a category of number. The existence of the category of case is extremely controversial. The grammatical category of gender does not exist in English.
An English noun, as you know, is accompanied by an article - definite (the) or indefinite (a, an); may or may not have an article.
The article is a way to correlate an objective concept with a speech situation; the indefinite article introduces something new, not previously mentioned; the definite article, identifying what was mentioned earlier, is formally repeated even when the identification is already repeated. Identification is also possible when the given object has not been named, but the situation implies the necessity or possibility of its presence. Abstract and real names allow the use of the article if there are limiting definitions in the sentence [4].
Proper names are used without an article. However, the use of the definite article is possible with a generalized naming (usually a family), and also, if necessary, highlighting a given person:
We had dined with the Qaifes several times before. (Snow) It was the David Rubin I knew very well. (Snow)