PLAN: INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER.I Scientific style can be characterized by the following factors:
1.1 selection of language means;
1.2.monologue statement;
1.3.preliminary consideration of the statement;
1.4.normalized speech.
CHAPTER II.Most Important Translation Challenges
2.1. Linguistic Challenges in Translation
2.2. Specialized Translation or Specific Content Translation
2.3. Loss of Translation / Untranslatable Words
CONCLUSION
BIBLOGRAGY
1.1 The modern requirements for the foreign language proficiency in high school
include the presence of foreign language communicative competence of future
specialists. It is defined as a certain level of language proficiency, speech and
social-cultural set of knowledge, skills and abilities that enable to vary acceptably
and appropriately their communicative behavior in a communicative way
depending on the functional predictors of foreign language communication and
creates the basis for the qualified information and creative activities in various
fields. The structure and the levels of foreign language communicative competence
of students are correlated with the willingness of the student to use the possibilities
of foreign language for professional self-education (Morozova, 2010). The
cognitive level of the development of this competence (pedagogical and linguistic
knowledge) implies the development of theoretical readiness, operational (foreign
language communicative skills)—the formation of the technological readiness,
personal and professional (the qualities of the teacher and the experience of
practice-based foreign language communication) reveals through the professional
and personal readiness of the student. However, in theory and practice the problem
of formation of foreign language communicative competence of future foreign
language teachers is not fully investigated. Nowadays the transition from subject-
centered model of specialist training with clearly defined cognitive and active
components in the development of foreign language education to the personality-
oriented professionally developing education in the logic of the competence
approach is visible. The analysis of the scientific research and the experience of
practical activity in the field of foreign language training of students revealed the
contradiction between the objective need for the formation of students’ foreign
language communicative competence and the lack of the scientifically pedagogical
bases and the complex of pedagogical conditions for its formation in the system of
the high school education. The distinguished contradiction helped to define the
research problem: what are the forms, methods and pedagogical conditions of the
formation of foreign language communicative competence of students as future
teachers of the English language through an interactive learning.
Leading methodological principle of a foreign language discipline is the principle
of communicative orientation in learning. This principle defines all the components
of the educational process in a foreign language. Considering language as a social
phenomenon (it provides communication for people) highlights learning for a
communicative purpose — learning how to communicate in it using both audio
and graphic code, highlighting reading in the first place. The principle of
communicative orientation determines the content of training - the selection and
organization of linguistic material, the specification of areas and situations of
communication. And also, what communicative skills are necessary in order to
enter into communication, to carry out it in oral and written forms, and with the
help of what means one can ensure mastery of the communicative function of the
language. The principle of communicative orientation calls for the appropriate
organization of training, the use of various organizational forms for the
implementation of communication. The communicative goal of teaching English as
a general learning strategy. The implementation of the main directions of reform in
the teaching of foreign languages implies ensuring the unity of training and
education of students, their firm mastery of the basics of a foreign language, the
ability to put it into practice. Thus, the practical - communicative orientation of the
educational process in a foreign language is once again emphasized. The program
on foreign languages speaks of increasing attention to the labor and moral
education of students; The independent work of students in the classroom and after
school hours is highlighted, the need to use the language laboratory is emphasized
The specificity of the subject “Foreign Language” is that, firstly, the language –
whether native or foreign - serves as a means of communication, a means of
receiving and transmitting information about the surrounding reality in the natural
conditions of social life. Secondly, the teaching of this subject does not imply a
special addition of knowledge about the surrounding reality, at least in conditions
of the university, as it happens when students study other subjects, such as botany,
biology, physics, chemistry, but the ideas about foreign language are expanding.
the culture of the country of the language being studied, and the general outlook is
expanding. Learning a foreign language gives students only the opportunity to
master the means of perception and expression of thoughts about objects,
phenomena, their connections and relationships through a new language for them,
which acts in 2 forms: oral and written. Mastering these forms of education should
be part of the communicative goal of teaching the subject “foreign language”.
Thirdly, the language, being a means of learning, needs to be “kept in working
condition,” that is, always ready for use in situations of communication that arise.
Therefore, the mastery of this discipline is necessarily connected with purposeful,
well-organized practice in the use of seeded material in oral and written forms of
communication in the conditions that students have. Goals of learning a foreign
language: - The development of foreign language communicative competence in
the totality of its components - speech. Language, sociocultural, compensatory,
educational;
Speech competence - development of communicative skills in 4 main types of
speech activity: speaking, listening, reading, writing;
- Language competence - mastering new language means: phonetic, spelling,
lexical and grammatical. In accordance with the themes, areas and situations of
communication selected for primary school: mastering knowledge of the linguistic
phenomena of the language being studied, different ways of expressing thoughts in
the mother tongue and the language being studied; -
Socio-cultural competence - introducing students to the culture, traditions, realities
of the countries of the language being studied, within the framework of topics,
areas and situations of communication that meet the experiences, interests,
psychological characteristics of students at different stages, the formation of the
ability to represent their country. Her culture in the context of foreign language
intercultural communication;
- Compensatory competence - Development of skills to get out of the situation in
the context of a shortage of language means in receiving and transmitting
information;
- Educational and cognitive competence - further development, familiarization of
the available students with methods and techniques of independent study of
languages and cultures using ICT; - Development and education of students
understanding the importance of learning a foreign language in the modern world
and the need to use it as a means of communication, cognition, self-realization, and
social adaptation; education of the qualities of a citizen, a patriot, the development
of national identity. Striving for mutual understanding between people from
different communities, tolerant attitude to manifestations of a different culture. The
trends of globalization, world integration in various areas of economic, technical,
cultural, social and individual life place high demands on practical knowledge of
English. In the context of changing the content of education, information and
communication technologies play a priority role in the educational process. The
use of information and communication technologies reveals the enormous
possibilities of the computer as a means of learning. Computer tutorials have many
advantages over traditional teaching methods. They allow you to train different
types of speech activity and combine them in different combinations, help you
understand language phenomena, form linguistic abilities, create communicative
situations, automate language and speech actions, and also provide the ability to
account for the leading representative system, the implementation of an individual
approach and the intensification of students' independent work[3]. The computer is
considered as a tool to increase motivation, develop strong language skills and
improve English proficiency. The computer allows the student to use all three
channels of perception: auditory, visual and kinesthetic. This allows you to
increase the volume and strength of learning the material studied, significantly
increases the status of students in the learning process, increases the cognitive
activityof students and maintains interest in the subject, and also expands the field
for independent activity of students, allows you to create situations that are
personally important for each student, allows you to use the Internet as virtual
space immersion tool. In the multimedia educational programs in English, various
methodical techniques are used, which allow to introduce, train and control
students' knowledge and skills. The use of multimedia programs does not exclude
traditional teaching methods at all, but is harmoniously combined with them at all
stages of education. Language laboratories features: The language lab is a special
classroom with sound engineering equipment that promotes the acquisition of oral
speech skills in any language. The use of a linguaphone study allows you to
increase the efficiency of the learning process, determine the degree of material
learning by students, and reduce the time spent studying and securing educational
material. Listening to broadcast programs develops students' listening skills while
deepening their knowledge of the subject.
The relevance of this study is determined by the needs of modern society for
qualified specialists, which leads to the necessity of improving the system of
higher education. This dictates the need for a high-quality preparation of the
teacher of English who is able to act as an active subject of the professional
activity and who has high levels of communicative competence. A future teacher
of English must be fluent in a foreign language and must demonstrate high foreign
language communicative competence. However, not all the students of language
faculties and specializations reach this level. Thus, there arises the question about a
search for new approaches, methods and means of formation of foreign language
communicative competence of future teachers of English at the University. At the
same time, the student’s foreign language communicative competence is an
integrative personal quality, it is a tone which mediates along with other kinds of
personal and professional development competence and defines its effectiveness in
greater or lesser degree.
1.2 About the monologue
What do you imagine when you think about the term conversation? Most of us
imagine two or more people verbally exchanging ideas. Verbal communication is
usually seen as a two-way conversation, short statements exchanged between
people.
However, there is another option for oral communication: monologue. A
monologue is a speech that is performed continuously by a character. Don’t
confuse this with an official speech written and performed in front of a crowd. A
monologue is usually used in a drama or film. It should focus on the other
protagonist of the story.
This is also different from the protagonist's monologue. Shakespeare's famous
speech in "Hamlet" is a solo speech, because Hamlet is left alone on stage. If you
are writing a script, you use a monologue at any time when one protagonist is
talking to other characters.
The rest of this lesson shows how to create an effective monologue.
With that in mind, mark your monologue as a mini-story with a beginning, middle,
and end. Start with an interesting statement that will amaze the reader. The
situation described in the protagonist at the beginning. Then create the highest
point or turning point of your monologue in the middle. Your character needs to
come up with some kind of revelation that shows changes in character or affects
the plot in some way. Eventually, you finish the monologue and move on to the
next events of the overall story.
Monologue, in literature and drama, an extended speech by one person. It is a
speech given by
a single character in a story. In drama, it is the vocalization of a character’s
thoughts; in literature, the
verbalization. It is traditionally a device used in theater — a speech to be given on
stage — but
nowadays, its use extends to film and television.
The term has several closely related meanings. A dramatic monologue is any
speech of some duration
addressed by a character to a second person. A soliloquy is a type of monologue in
which a character
directly addresses an audience or speaks his thoughts aloud while alone or while
the other actors keep
silent. In fictional literature, an interior monologue is a type of monologue that
exhibits the thoughts,
feelings, and associations passing through a character’s mind.
I am a monologue
as I got this girl's monologuePreambula
The monologue of a 13-year-old girl lost on a ship speaks of new life opportunities
that have survived the end times.
I can’t remember the last time I saw the day ... it must have been nine years ago. I
remember the ground was dark. We were evacuated because my mother had an
important job as a doctor and we were chosen to go, but a lot of people were left
behind ... died. My aunt and uncle, my grandmother and grandfather. They all died.
Dad said the weather had changed and breathing had become unbearable. That’s
why we’re not allowed outside, on the upper deck. Dad also said we were lucky
people. But I’m not saying it’s lucky to live in the dark ... (I think I prefer the
dead).
We all live on this big ship that just keeps floating. Nobody knows where
though… they didn’t figure that one out. But there’s no escape other than death.
But last week my mum came home excited she told us that the scientists were
constructing something which meant that we might be moving into a new world,
an ‘alternate universe,’ where there will be sun and we can all live in houses. My
brother doesn’t believe her though, He gets so depressed all the time. He gets a lot
of pressure at school, that he’s got to be “somebody”, somebody “important”,
somebody “valuable to society” But he don’t want to be, he hates school and he
hates this ship. He’s so bored all the time. He left everyone he loved behind, his
girlfriend and his friends and he knows that they’re all dead. He told me he was
thinking of going outside and killing himself. I have felt the same way. Life would
be SO much easier if I could breathe in the air outside and be dead. But now
there’s hope. An “alternate universe“. The scientists are constructing something to
make it happen. I really want to live in a house. I can’t remember my last one and I
wonder if different animals will be the? We have animals on the ship but only
one’s you can eat though. I used to have a pet. My mum’s got a picture of me in
our old garden holding a hamster called Rufus and apparently he was my pet.
There are no pets on the ship. There is not enough room they say but the hamster in
the photo looks tiny enough to fit in our room. Anyway, in this alternate universe I
hope there is animals I can keep as pets, and more food because we don’t have a
lot of food on the ship. Fruit is running out vegetables are also a rarity these days.
As we’re on a boat it seems that all we eat is fish. But I don’t really like fish,
1.3 APPLICATION OF PROCEDURE PROCEDURES FOR REFUSAL TO
ACCEPT APPLICATION, DISCLAIMER OF APPLICATION AND STOP
PRODUCTION IN UZBEKISTAN
LexUZ review
This decision was annulled in accordance with the decision of the Plenum of the
Supreme Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated October 25, 2019 No. 19 "On
rulings of the court of first instance in civil cases."
In order to ensure the clear and uniform application of the law in judicial practice
on certain issues related to the application of procedural norms related to the
refusal to accept the application, consideration of the application and termination
of proceedings, the Republic of Uzbekistan According to Article 17 of the Law, the
Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan decides:
1. In accordance with Article 44 of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan,
everyone has the right to judicial protection of their rights and freedoms, to appeal
in court against illegal actions of state bodies, officials, public associations.
The appeal can be downloaded in the Civil Procedure Code.
The court must pay special attention to the clear and uniform application of
procedural law after the application is rejected, the application is dismissed and the
proceedings are completed.
2. To draw the attention of the courts to the need to comply with Articles 152, 100
of the Code of Civil Procedure of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the process of
refusing to accept an application and conducting proceedings in civil cases, as well
as the fact that these grounds are incomplete.
family, after the direct service of a child after Article 39 of the Family Code, and
directly to a child ri is not entitled to initiate a case directly from the marriage
without the consent of the place of residence. such a court must refuse to accept the
application, if any, to require proceedings.
These norms apply not only to persons involved in the offense, but also to strict
proceedings, applications of state bodies and other bodies, officials to the
legislation.
3. The issue of refusal to accept the application shall be resolved by the judge
within 10 days from the date of its receipt by issuing a reasoned ruling, which shall
be submitted to the person immediately, including within three days after the
ruling. It is sent electronically through the system or information system.
If the case does not fall within the jurisdiction of the court, the judge must indicate
in the ruling which body the applicant should apply to or how to eliminate the
circumstances that impede the initiation of proceedings.
The refusal of a judge to accept an application on the grounds provided for in
paragraphs 5 to 7 of Article 152 of the Code of Civil Procedure shall not preclude
him from re-applying to the court in the general procedure once the shortcomings
have been remedied. .
Acceptance of a court decision that has entered into force on the basis of a dispute
between the same parties, on the same subject matter and on the same grounds, or
the waiver of the plaintiff's claims, or the parties the existence of a ruling
approving the settlement agreement shall be grounds for refusing to accept the
application.
4. . After the entry into force of the decision of the court on the recovery of
periodic payments from the defendant (alimony, compensation for damage to
health or death of a citizen, etc.) in the event of a significant change in the
circumstances affecting the determination of the amount or term of payments, on
such grounds each party may re-apply the amount and term of payments in
accordance with Part 3 of Article 217 of the Code of Civil Procedure explain that
he has the right to demand a change.
5. Prior to the issuance of a decision, the defendant shall have the right to file a
counterclaim against the plaintiff for consideration together with the initial claim,
in which case the counterclaim shall be filed in accordance with the general rules.
Regardless of the requirements of Article 247 of the Code of Civil Procedure, the
courts shall not impede the acceptance of the counterclaim filed
accepting an application in our state
2.1The first linguistic challenge that good translators must overcome is the need to
avoid literally translation, also known as word to word translation. Translating
expressions literally does not usually work. Its meaning might completely change,
which may lead to awkward situations like false friends.
Each language is mostly composed by unique words or expressions. But keep in
mind that some words or expressions may also be spelled the same way in two
languages. This is particularly dangerous when translating official documents in
the business or legal environment.
The second linguistic challenge faced by translators is the constant change and
shift in the number of languages and dialects. There are currently over 7000
existing languages in the world and each one of them has its own unique origin,
roots and structure. A translator must also also consider the close to infinite
regional dialects that may exist.
These specific language forms that are spoken in specific regions may have words
with different uses or sound that can be pronounced differently. One good example
is Arabic language. Arabic is spoken in more than 20 countries, however, these
countries don’t have the same version of Arabic. It would be difficult for
Moroccans to understand the Arabic that is generally being spoken in Iraq.
2.2What differentiates specialized translation from general translation is the
terminological and technical difficulty level. The general translation is the simpler
of two types and does not involve jargon or lingo, and thus targets a general
audience.
In contrast to general translation, specialized translation calls for expert knowledge
in specified fields and may include complex terminology in the text. Consequently,
it requires higher language proficiency, as well as knowledge and expertise in the
subject. Furthermore, the etymology of these special phrases or terms may vary
from one language to another, or even between dialects of the same language, thus
involving additional research for accuracy and appropriateness. Nonetheless, both
special and general content translation require localization. Get more insights about
the difference between language translation and language localization here.
pecialized translations are focused on translations that require subject matter
knowledge to translate. Unlike standard translation that relies on cursory
translations of the text, the goal of specialized translations is to focus on matter
experts subjects to translate the content, so it is not a general translation. The role
of official translation of documents in international activities takes on great
relevance.
he evidence of the existence of translation is essentially as old as the evidence of
the existence of written text. The Ebla tablets (from Ebla, in modern Syria) are
dated around 2500 BCE and include a set of bilingual word lists in Sumerian and
“Eblaite”. Translation and/or interpreting would have to be at least as old as that
“dictionary”. Being able to give a date to the birth of translation as a profession is
more complicated. We simply don’t know much about the people who did the
translation that we know existed in the ancient world.
For example, the Hebrew religious texts were at one point translated into
vernacular after the end of the Babylonian captivity, probably around the end of
the sixth century BCE, but we know nothing about those who did the translation
journalistic Translation is one of the biggest forms of specialized translation. The
translation of news articles or magazine content. This usually occurs when the
story is being recreated for a newer audience. It is also required in scenarios where
there is a multilingual audience. There are several challenges involved in this kind
of translation. It is not just a simple exchange of words.
While the major aim of Journalism is to be objective, most content creations and
writers have a slant. Either in the register or politically. Most students of media are
aware that there are only a few neutral word choices which although arbitrary, can
express a lot.
For example, there is a major difference in the US between “undocumented
workers” & “illegal aliens”. Even though both can be defined in the same terms,
one implied a favor towards strict immigration policy and the other sways towards
leniency and easier paths to citizenship.
2.3Translation is a mean of interlingual communication. The translator makes
possible an exchange of information between users of different languages by
producing in the target language a text which has an identical communicative value
with the source text. This target text is not fully identical with the source text as to
its form originality content due to the limitations imposed by the formal and
semantic differences between the source language and target text.
National coloring of the work is one of examples of these differences. Now it is
one of important themes to be studied/ During many years the USSR’s confines
were closed and we had not much opportunity to interact with many foreign
countries. Of course, we had a great number of foreign books but most of them
were either classic books or books of working class. So we had not opportunity to
value all the literature of foreign countries. the same case was in the foreign
countries when they could not get all the variety of Russian literature. They also
preferred to read our classics. The result of it was that they could know only
archaic coloring of the works and they had little information about national
coloring of Russia. And now then USSR does not exist any more every state that
was a part of the USSR can perform its own literature and hence national coloring.
The author of this course paper considers that every literature work has its own
national coloring. Every work is written in the conditions of the country where the
author lives. Therefore the country with its language, mode of life, political,
historical, economical atmosphere and many other factors influence on the work
and it acquires the national coloring of the country even if the author does not think
of creating of any work that would be nationally colored.
The author of this course paper considers the preservation of national coloring to
be one of the most difficult tasks for translator. National coloring is the property of
the country or its part. Every nation is proud of its history; traditions and it would
consider an offence if the translator does not manage to convey the national
coloring or if he conveys it wrong. That is why the translator must be very
attentive and careful with any kind of literary work.
Dialectics of national coloring in the translation.
Any literary work appears on the national ground, reflects national problems,
features and at the same time the problems common to all mankind. Passing from
one nation to another literature enriches and extends the notion of peoples about
each other.
It is one of the most difficult cases to convey national coloring. Owing to the
translation very important literary works were able to appear in many other
countries and became available for people speaking other languages. The
translation helps mutual knowing and peoples' enrichment.
National coloring must be reflected adequately in the translation.
Dialectics of national coloring reveals itself specifically in different fields of
spiritual culture of people and thus in various types of translation.
In the scientific and technique literature the national psychological categories are
less expressed. The contents of such translations is valuable for all nations in spite
of their national specific.
Thus, for example, concerning natural sciences Darwin's theory or classic physics
of Newton or modern physics of Einstein or Bore have the same meaning for all
the countries and nations. The original texts of natural-scientific works and their translations do not differ much from this point of view.
Here there is another case in the field of social-political literature. It is closely
connected with the ideological society of the country with its history and its
historical specifics and it can never be separated from country peculiarities and
demands, political conditions, the events of its time and it is changed by the factors
that reflect the notion development. National peculiarities, problems and interests
put impress both on the contents and style of any author. In general the translation
of social-political literature is more similar with scientific literature.
CONCLUSION
A good translation is a translation that can be a bridge of communication
between two languages. This is in line with the purpose of translation, which is to
produce translated works and to help overcome language differences. The
language itself is the source language and the target language. Therefore, it is said
that translation is not an easy thing to do because of grammatical differences
between two languages.
In translation, a term is one of challenge for translator to translate. This is
because a term has its own meaning in each language and it is difficult to explain.
Taxation is one of field that has its own term. As mentioned before, translating
taxation term is neither easy nor simple because a slight difference in translation
can lead to fatal error. This is because tax is a crucial matter that cannot be taken
lightly in translating it. Therefore, a translator must understand the meaning in
both languages and the translation procedures that will be used. Translation
procedures are used to determine how the sour language is transferred to the target
languageA good translation is a translation that can be a bridge of communication
between two languages. This is in line with the purpose of translation, which is to
produce translated works and to help overcome language differences. The
language itself is the source language and the target language. Therefore, it is said
that translation is not an easy thing to do because of grammatical differences
between two languages.
In translation, a term is one of challenge for translator to translate. This is
because a term has its own meaning in each language and it is difficult to explain.
Taxation is one of field that has its own term. As mentioned before, translating
taxation term is neither easy nor simple because a slight difference in translation
can lead to fatal error. This is because tax is a crucial matter that cannot be taken
lightly in translating it. Therefore, a translator must understand the meaning in
both languages and the translation procedures that will be used. Translation
procedures are used to determine how the sour language is transferred to the target
language
After analyzing the thirty three taxation terms found in Public Finance in
Theory and Practice 5
th edition by Richard A Musgrave and Peggy B Musgrave,
the writer found four procedures used. They are Transposition, Couplets,
Transference, and Literal Translation. There are sixteen data are translated by
using transposition, twelve data are by using couplets, two data are translated by
using literal translation, and one data translated by using transference. In couplets,
the procedures used in translation are ten data translated with transposition, six
data translated with transference and naturalization, six data translated with
expansion, two data translated with modulation, one data translated with reduction
and one data translated with literal translation. Overall, transposition is the most
frequent procedure used in translating taxation terms.
Lastly, based on the data found, transposition is used by the translator
because the system of the two languages is different. The translator translates the
tax term guided by the Indonesian language system where Diterangkan -
Menerangkan applies. While in English, the language system is Menerangkan -
Diterangkan. The differences in this system lead to change in grammatical
structure.
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