Electrical Features of HVAC Systems
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peratures in many locales rise above the range of desired operating
conditions.
12.9
Standby Power Generation
While standby power generation is by definition an electrical service,
the engines and related support issues are as much mechanical as
electrical, perhaps more so. The mechanical HVAC designer needs to
understand the unit function to participate effectively in the design.
A
standby generator,
sometimes called an
engine-driven emergency
generator,
typically includes a reciprocating engine which may use nat-
ural gas, digester gas, propane, gasoline, or diesel fuel. The HVAC
designer is typically responsible for an external fuel supply and often
for the engine exhaust piping and insulation. Remote fuel storage
tanks with local day tanks are often used. On some units the fuel
tanks are mounted in the unit frame, which leaves the responsibility
for design with the manufacturer. There are code limitations to the
amount of fuel which can be kept inside a building.
The engine will have a heat rejector, usually either a unit-mounted
or remote radiator. If it is remote, piping and concern for placement
are involved. Engines are designed for pressures less than 15 lb / in
2
,
so radiator mountings more than 35 ft above the engine cannot be
handled. Unit-mounted radiators typically draw cooling air from the
room across the engine, expelling the air to the outside. This usually
requires louvers and dampers to be open when the unit runs. The
engine rejects approximately 10 to 15 percent of the heat value of the
burned fuel to the room. The radiator cooling air usually picks up this
heat. With a remote radiator, local room ventilation must pick up the
engine radiant heat as well as the heat loss of the generator.
The engine shaft is usually directly connected to either an induction
or a synchronous-type generator. The generator is similar to a motor
working in reverse. Part of the engine shaft power which drives the
generator is lost to the atmosphere in the transformation from kinetic
to electric energy. These losses usually amount to 10 to 15 percent of
the generator load.
The HVAC designer may be involved in the exhaust system design,
which includes flexible connection of the exhaust manifold to exhaust
stack, a silencer, extension of the exhaust to the atmosphere, insula-
tion of the exhaust system, weather cap, and stack drain.
Reciprocating engines usually need a substantial reinforced-
concrete base which is independent of the basic building structure.
Special sound control features may need to be incorporated into the
Electrical Features of HVAC Systems
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